FAGOTTO 



3065 



FAINTING 



training of children to be thieves 

 and pickpockets. In Comyns Carr's 

 adaptation of Oliver Twist, pro- 

 duced at His Majesty's, July 10, 

 1905, Beerbohm Tree played Fagin 

 to the Nancy of Constance Collier 

 and the Sikes of Lyn Harding. 



Fagotto. Italian name for the 

 bassoon, the bass wood-wind in- 

 strument. See Bassoon. 



Faguet, SMILE (1847-1916). 

 French critic and literary historian. 

 Born at La Roche-sur-Yon, he 

 '"" " - ' became p r o - 



I fessor of poetry 

 ; jB HL,ffi at the uni- 

 versity of Paris, 



1" I 1 897. His 



I writings, which 

 I are character- 

 ffc^ I isedbyacatho- 



I licity of taste 

 ^&r^BH and a flexi 

 mile Faguet, bility of judge- 

 French critic ment reminis- 

 cent of Sainte-Beuve, include La 

 Tragedie au XVIe Siecle ; a series 

 of studies of great French authors 

 of the 16th, 17th, 18th, and 19th 

 centuries ; Politiques et Moralistes 

 du XIXe Siecle ; and monographs 

 on Voltaire, Flaubert, and Zola. 

 He died, June 6, 1916. See Emile 

 Faguet, A. Sechc, 1904. 



Fa-Hien OR FA-HSIEN (c. A.D. 

 400). Chinese traveller and anti- 

 quary. A Buddhist monk, he set 

 out in 399 from the ancient capital 

 Hsian-fu, Shensi, for a prolonged 

 pilgrimage of the Buddha's cradle- 

 land. Traversing the Gobi desert, 

 mostly afoot, to Khotan, he 

 crossed the Hindu Kush into the 

 Afghan valleys, and remained ten 

 years, visiting Peshawar and the 

 Ganges cities. He proceeded by 

 sea in 412 to Ceylon, whence he 

 returned home in 414, with 

 numerous pictures, images, and 

 books. The account of his pil- 

 grimage was translated into French 

 by J. P. Abel Remusat, 1836; 

 into English by S. Beal, 1869, and 

 James Legge, 1886. 



Fahl Ore (Ger ). Steel-grey cop- 

 per ore consisting of copper, sul- 

 phur, antimony, arsenic, silver, 

 iron, and zinc. The silver some- 

 times runs to 30 p.c., such an ore 

 being known as argentiferous grey 

 copper ore, or formerly silver 

 fahlerz. Owing to the arsenic and 

 antimony it is not easily worked 

 as a copper ore ; but a rich silver 

 content makes it worth while to 

 treat it for that metal primarily. 

 It is found in Cornwall, Germany, 

 Chile, and Mexico. See Copper. 



Fahlum OR FALUM. Town of 

 Sweden, cap. of the len or govt. of 

 Kopparberg. It stands near Lake 

 Runn, 57 m. by rly. W. of Gefle. 

 The town was burnt down in 1761. 

 Its only notable feature is the 14th 



century church, which escaped the 

 fire. Minor buildings include the 

 town hall, a mineralogical museum, 

 and technical schools. Its copper 

 mines, once the richest in Europe, 

 now nearly exhausted, have been 

 worked for six centuries, and the 

 company owning them has existed 

 since about 1345. Iron pyrites, 

 gold, silver, and sulphur are still 

 produced. Fahlum has railway 

 wagon works, wood pulp factories, 

 and textile industries. Pop. 12,213. 



Fahrenheit, GABRIEL DANIEL 

 (1686-1736). German physicist. 

 Born at Danzig, May 14, 1686, his 

 life was spent chiefly in England 

 and Holland, where he studied 

 physics and constructed meteorolo- 

 gical instruments. His name is 

 commemorated by a thermome- 

 tric scale. He died in Holland, 

 Sept. 16, 1736. 



Fahrenheit Thermometer. 

 Thermometer invented by G. D. 

 Fahrenheit. He encountered tem- 

 peratures 32 below the freezing 

 point of water, and fixed that 

 degree of cold as the zero of his 

 scale. The freezing point of water 

 thus became 32. The difference 

 in temperature between this and 

 the boiling point of water Fahren- 

 heit divided into 180 degrees, so 

 that the latter is 212 F. 



The centigrade scale of tem- 

 perature has the melting point of 

 ice for its zero degree, and the 

 boiling point of water is fixed at 

 100 degrees. Reaumur's scale 

 (used in Germany) divides the 

 difference between the freezing 

 and boiling points of water into 

 80 degrees. To convert these 

 scales : 



C 



32) R = 4(F 32) 



See Centigrade ; Thermometer. 



Faidherbe, Loms LEON CESAR 

 (1818-89). French soldier and 

 scholar. Born at Lille, June 3 

 1818, he en- 

 tered the en- 

 gineers, after a 

 military educa- 

 tion, in 1840. 

 Almost at once 

 he saw service 

 in Algiers, and 

 in 1854 he was 

 appointed 

 governor of 

 Senegal. 



France was then just entering 

 upon her policy of acquiring 

 colonies in Africa, and of this 

 Faidherbe was a pioneer. After 

 holding a command in Algeria, he 

 returned to France in 1870 to lead 

 the army of the north after the 

 disasters at Sedan and Metz. He 

 showed great ability when fighting 

 a number of battles against heavy 



L. L. Faidherbe. 

 French soldier 



odds, but at last he was beaten at 

 St. Quentin. For a short time he 

 sat in the National Assembly, and 

 in 1879 he was elected to the 

 Senate. He died in Paris, Sept. 28, 

 1889. Faidherbe was also an 

 archaeologist, and wrote an ac- 

 count of his campaign of 1870-71. 



Faidit, GATJCELM (c. 1159-1216). 

 French troubadour. Born at 

 Uzerche in Limousin, the son of an 

 artisan, his singing gifts attracted 

 the patronage of Richard Coeur de 

 Lion. About 70 of his poems have 

 been preserved, including a beauti- 

 ful planh, or song of sorrow, in 

 memory of Richard. His poems are 

 included in Chrestomathie Pro- 

 vengale, C. Bartsch, 6th ed. 1904. 



Faience. Term loosely used to 

 designate every description of 

 glazed pottery and earthenware 

 painted with decorative designs. 

 The name comes from the Italian 

 city of Faenza, which has made a 

 speciality of this kind of ware from 

 the close of the 13th century. It 

 had a soft paste and thin trans- 

 parent glaze, which heightened the 

 colours. The very rare French 

 Oiron ware is called Henry II 

 faience. Some varieties from Josiah 

 Wedgwood's work are styled Eng- 

 lish faience. See Pottery. 



Fails worth. Urban dist. of Lan- 

 cashire, England. It is 4 m. N.E. 

 of Manchester on the L. & Y.R. 

 In the Manchester area, although 

 just outside the city boundary, its 

 main industries are connected with 

 the manufacture of cotton. Gas 

 and water are supplied by the Old- 

 ham corporation. Pop. 15,998. 



Fainting OR SYNCOPE. Tempor- 

 ary unconsciousness due to in- 

 sufficient supply of blood to the 

 brain. The condition may be 

 caused by defective action of the 

 heart, sudden violent emotion, 

 over-exertion, loss of blood, blows 

 on the head or abdomen, and other 

 causes. A person about to faint 

 feels giddy, and everything around 

 him seems to be becoming dark. 

 He turns pale, the pupils dilate, the 

 skin becomes cold and often 

 sweaty, and if standing he falls 

 heavily. The pulse is weak and 

 hurried. 



Recovery is usually rapid. So long 

 as he is unconscious, the person 

 should be allowed to lie quietly on 

 his back with his head as low as 

 possible, and the clothing about 

 the neck and chest should be 

 loosened. If in a room the window 

 should be opened, and if outside, 

 persons should be prevented from 

 crowding round. Smelling salts 

 may be held beneath the nose, but 

 until consciousness returns nothing 

 should be given by the mouth. 

 When able to swallow, a little 

 brandy or sal volatile in water 



