FALK1RK 



FALKLAND ISLANDS 



Falkirk. Parl. and mun. burgh 

 and market town of Stirlingshire, 

 Scotland. It is 22 m. N.E. of Glas- 

 gow on the 

 N.B.R. Falkirk, 

 which embraces 

 the suburbs of 

 Laurieston, 

 Grahamston, 

 Bainsf ord, and 

 Camelon, is con- 

 nected by rly. 

 with Grange- 

 distant), its port 

 on the Firth of Forth, and is 

 the centre of a busy ironworking 

 and colliery district, the Carron, 

 Falkirk, Camelon, and other large 

 ironworks being situated in or 

 near the town. Brewing, distilling, 

 tanning, and the manufacture of 

 bricks, tiles, chemicals, and ex- 

 plosives are flourishing industries. 

 The famous cattle " trysts " or 

 open sales, which were held thrice 

 yearly, have been superseded by 

 weekly markets. The Stirling and 



Falkirk arms 

 mouth (3 



m. 



Scots, who were greatly outnum- 

 bered, were either dead or in flight. 



The second battle was fought 

 between the English, under General 

 Hawley, and the Jacobites, Jan. 

 17, 1746. Charles Edward, the 

 Young Pretender, returning from 

 Derby, found his way N. barred 

 by the English. His Highlanders, 

 in an impetuous charge, swept 

 away the English troops, and 

 Hawley lost 700 prisoners. 



Falkland. Royal burgh, mun. 

 burgh, and village of Fifeshire, 

 Scotland. It stands at the N. foot 

 of East Lomond Hill, 36 m. N. 

 of Edinburgh, on the N.B.R. The 

 chief attraction is its palace, for- 

 merly the residence of the dukes of 

 Fife, in which David, the duke of 

 Rothesay, heir to the Scottish 

 throne, is said to have been starved 

 to death at the instance of Albany, 

 the regent, in 1402. The palace 

 was a favourite residence of the 

 Scottish monarchs, and here James 

 V sought refuge and died in 1542. 



Falkirk. The town from the south- 

 west, looking towards the Firth of 

 Forth. In circle, the parish church 

 which in 1811 replaced the " Speckled 

 Kirk" of 1057-93 



Falkirk burghs return one member 

 to Parliament. Market day, Thurs. 

 Pop. of mun. burgh, 33,574. 



Falkirk, BATTLES OF. The first 

 battle of Falkirk was fought, July 

 22, 1298, between the English and 

 the Scots. Under Edward I the 

 English invaded Scotland to crush 

 the rebellion of William Wallace. 

 The two armies met near Falkirk. 

 The Scots, mostly pikemen, were 

 ranged in four circular groups, 

 each ring surrounded by stakes. 

 Between the groups were bowmen 

 and behind a few horsemen. The 

 English knights were in three 

 columns, their traditional forma- 

 tion, flanked and backed by 

 archers. The first line charged, only 

 to flounder in a morass in front of 

 the Scots ; the second drove away, 

 the bowmen, but made no im- 

 pression upon the pikes. Edward, 

 therefore, called upon his archers, 

 whose deadly aim soon broke the 

 Scottish rings. The knights seized 

 their advantage, and soon the 



Rob Roy occupied the palace in 

 1715. It fell into decay, but was 

 restored towards the end of the 

 19th century by the 3rd marquess 

 of Bute. Brewing and weaving are 

 carried on. Pop. 2,356. 



Falkland, Lucius CARY, 2ND 

 VISCOUNT (c. 1609-43). English 

 royalist. He was the son of Sir 

 Henry Gary, a Devonshire man, 

 who, after being lord deputy of Ire- 

 land, was made a Scottish peer as 

 Lord Falkland in 1620. Lucius was 

 born about 1609, and educated at 

 Trinity College, Dublin. He saw a 

 little military service in the Nether- 

 lands. In 1633 he became Viscount 



{Lucius Gary, 2nd Viscount Falkland^ 



After Van Dyck 



Falkland, but by this time he had 

 inherited from his grandfather, Sir 

 Lawrence Tanfield, the estate of 

 Great Tew in Oxfordshire, and 

 had married Lettice Morrison. 

 His political career began in 1640 

 with his election as M.P. for New- 

 port. He opposed the worse ille- 

 galities of the king, but was never 

 a bitter partisan, and gradually, 

 as the opposition to Charles har- 

 dened, he became more definitely 

 on his side. In 1642 he was made a 

 secretary of state. He was at 

 Edgehill with Charles, but soon he 

 fell into the melancholy described 

 by Clarendon, seeing nothing but 

 misery before his country. Ex- 

 pressing a wish to be " out of it 

 ere night," he found the death he 

 desired at Newbury, Sept. 20. 

 1643, when riding forward alone 

 towards the foe. ** 



Falkland is known mainly from 

 the accounts given of him by his 

 friend Clarendon, and these make 

 him one of the most attractive men 

 of his own or any age. He loved 

 learning and the society of scholars, 

 who gathered in delightful freedom 

 at his hospitable house, Chilling- 

 worth and Hales, Suckling, and 

 Waller among them. He wrote A 

 Discourse of Infallibility. Of him 

 Clarendon said, " Whosoever leads 

 such a life need not care upon how 

 short warning it be taken from 

 him." The title passed to Falkland's 

 eldest son, but his direct line died 

 out in 1694. It then passed to 

 Lucius (d. 1730), a descendant of 

 the 1st viscount, the ancestor of 

 the present holder. See Life and 

 Times of Lucius Gary, Viscount 

 Falkland, J. A. R. Marriott, 1907. 



Falkland Islands. British 

 crown colony in the S. Atlantic. 

 The islands lie about 320 m. E. of 

 the Strait of Magellan, and 1,000 

 m. S. of Montevideo. The group 

 contains two large islands and 

 about 100 small ones, with an 

 estimated land area of about 6,500 



IB 4 



