FALL 



3075 



FALLOPI US 



several shots, and they resumed 

 their fire, *^At 5.45 her 8-in. am- 

 munition was exhausted ; ten 

 minutes later she heeled over sud- 

 denly as her sea-cocks had been 

 opened, and she sank very quickly. 

 Of her crew of over 800 only 94 

 officers and men could be rescued 

 from the icy water. 



Leipzig and Nurnberg were sunk 

 in separate actions by the smaller 

 British cruisers, and 25 of their 

 crews were saved. Dresden was 

 able to escape temporarily, but on 

 March 14, 1915, she was caught by 

 Glasgow and Kent off Juan Fer- 

 nandez, in the Pacific, and was 

 destroyed in Chilean waters, on the 

 ground that she had been guilty of 

 grave infractions of Chilean neu- 

 trality ; most of her crew escaped. 

 Thus von Spee's squadron was 

 wiped out with a loss of 2,100 men. 



The British loss in the battle 

 cruisers was nil, though Invincible 

 was hit 22 times, twice below water, 

 and Inflexible thrice. In Kent, 

 four were killed and 12 wounded by 

 a single hit ; in Glasgow, one was 

 killed and 4 were wounded. The 

 strategy which brought overwhelm- 

 ing force to bear was of extra- 

 ordinary merit, and rendered the 

 battle tactically a military execu- 

 tion. See The Navy in Battle, A. 

 H. Pollen, 1918; Falkland*, Jut- 

 land, and the Bight, B. Bingham, 

 1919 ; The Official History of the 

 Great War, vol. i, Naval Opera- 

 tions, J. Corbett, 1920. 



H. W. Wilson 



Fall. Word used in several 

 senses, all with the idea of drop- 

 ping down. It is used in wrestling, 

 also for the descent of a river, and 

 the surrender of a fortress. In 

 America it is used for autumn, the 

 time of the f all of the leaf. In the 

 plural it is a common abbreviation 

 for waterfall, e.g. Niagara Falls. 

 See River ; Waterfall ; Wrestling. 



FaU, THE. Defection of the 

 first human beings from a state of 

 innocence. This is represented in 

 the Eden story as an act of wilful 

 disobedience to a command of God 

 at the instigation of the serpent. 

 As a consequence, Adam and Eve 

 became conscious of guilt, and 

 were expelled from the Garden of 

 Eden. Theology teaches that the 

 disobedience of our first parents had 

 a threefold consequence in (1) a 

 change of man's relation to God; 



(2) the loss of certain privileges 

 connected with that relation ; and 



(3) the beginning of a degenera- 

 tive process which tended to make 

 human nature more and more cor- 

 rupt and alienated from God. 



From this results the doctrine 

 of original sin that all men are 

 born in a state of sin and are prone 

 to wickedness as a result of Adam" s 



fall. This may be viewed in two 

 ways. Adam was the representative 

 man, and with Eve constituted the 

 whole human family ; so that the 

 whole race fell in him. Or it may be 

 viewed in connexion with theories 

 of heredity, and sin be regarded as 

 a mental and moral tendency trans- 

 mitted by natural generation. In 

 any case, all orthodox theologians 

 hold that original sin infected the 

 race in all its individuals, and 

 could only be removed by the act of 

 God in Redemption through Christ. 



In recent theological develop- 

 ment there is a tendency to ques- 

 tion the foundation on which the 

 doctrine of original sin depends. 

 This criticism rests on the following 

 grounds : (1) the assumption that 

 the human race started in a state 

 of perfection is in conflict with the 

 findings of modern anthropology 

 and is difficult to reconcile with the 

 doctrine of evolution; (2) the 

 account of the Fall in Genesis does 

 not contain the doctrine ; (3) there 

 is no definite trace of the doctrine 

 in the rest of the O.T. ; (4) the 

 doctrine of original sin was the 

 creation of the intermediate period 

 between the O.T. and N.T., and 

 first appears in Ecclesiasticus ; (5) 

 there is no hint of such a doctrine 

 in the teaching of Jesus ; (6) it is 

 doubtful whether Paul accepted 

 the full implications of the theory, 

 though it must be admitted that 

 there is one statement in his 

 epistles (Rom. v, 12) which seems 

 to contain it; (7) the theory is 

 difficult to reconcile with a true 

 conception of Divine justice on the 

 one side and human responsibility 

 on the other. See Sin ; consult also 

 The Origin and Propagation of 

 Sin, F. R. Tennant, 1902. 



Fallacy (Lat. fallax, likely to de- 

 ceive). Term meaning in general a 

 false or mistaken belief or opinion ; 

 in logic, a process of reasoning at 

 variance with the recognized rules 

 of the syllogism. 



Fallacies may be verbal, real or 

 material, formal (paralogisms). The 

 commonest verbal fallacies arise 

 from the use of ambiguous terms, 

 words used hi two different mean- 

 ings ; thus, the word agreeable may 

 be used of an occupation or of a 

 pleasant-mannered person. Am- 

 phibology is the use of an ambigu- 

 ous phrase or proposition. Simi- 

 larly, the meaning of a word may 

 be altered by its position in a sen- 

 tence and by the accent or stress 

 laid on it. 



* Among material fallacies are 

 petitio principii, begging the ques- 

 tion or arguing in a circle, where 

 the very thing which it is desired 

 to prove is assumed at the outset ; 

 ignoratio elenchi, ignorance of the 

 elenchus, in which an attempt is 



Armand Fallieres, 

 French statesman 



made to prove or disprove some- 

 levant to the question at 

 Formal fallacies consist in 

 violating the rules of the syllogism. 

 Similarly, fallacies occur in the 

 process of inductive reasoning. 

 See Induction; Syllogism; con- 

 sult also Logic, R. Whately, repr. 

 1851 ; Fallacies, H. Sidgwick,1883. 

 Fallieres, CLEMENT ARMAND (b. 

 1841). French statesman. Born 

 at Agen, Lot-et-Garonne, Nov. 6, 

 1841, he stu- 

 died law in 

 Paris, and be- 

 came a barris- 

 ter at Nerac, 

 for which he 

 was elected 

 republican de- 

 puty, 1876. He 

 was under-sec- 

 retary for the 

 interior in 

 Ferry's ministry, 1880, minister of 

 the mterior in 1882, 1887, 1889, of 

 justice in 1887, of education from 

 1883-85, and president of the coun- 

 cil in 1883. A senator in 1890, he was 

 president of the senate from 1899 

 1906. He was elected president of 

 the republic on Jan. 17, 1906, de- 

 feating Paul Doumer. Among the 

 chief events of his term of office, 

 which ended Jan. 7, 1913, were his 

 visit to England in May, .1908, and 

 the cementing of the Franco- 

 Russian alliance. Pron. Falli-yare. 

 Falling Sickness. Old name for 

 the disease now generally known 

 as epilepsy (q.v.). 



Falling Stars. Name given of 

 old to meteorites. There are many 

 references in literature, for ex- 

 ample, Shakespeare's Beatrice de- 

 clared " A star danced, and I was 

 born." See Meteors. 



Fallopian Tubes. Two tubes, 

 one on each side of the uterus or 

 womb, which convey the ova or 

 eggs from the ovary to the uterus. 

 Each tube is about 4 his. in length. 

 The inner end opens into the 

 uterus near its superior angle. The 

 outer end opens into the peritoneal 

 cavity, and terminates in an ex- 

 tremity in close relation to the 

 ovary, and bearing a number of 

 fimbriae or fringe-like processes. 



Fallopius OB FALLOPIO, GAB- 

 EIELLO (1523-62). Italian phy- 

 sician and anatomist, discoverer 

 of the functions of the Fallopian 

 tubes. Born at Modena, be 

 studied medicine at Ferrara and 

 other centres, becoming professor 

 of anatomy at Ferrara. Afterwards 

 he held the chairs of anatomy, 

 surgery, and botany at Padua 

 university, where he died Oct. 9, 

 1562. He published in 1561 his Ob- 

 servationes Anatornicae at Venice, 

 where his works, Opera Genuina 

 Omnia, were published in 1584. 



