FALSE ANTIQUITIES 



3077 



FAMILIAR 



those of laburnum, but dark red in 

 colour. The wood, though hard and 

 durable, is liable to crack and is 

 little used. 



False Antiquities. Relics of the 

 human past fraudulently forged, de- 

 liberately falsified, or erroneously 

 attributed. The chief motives for 

 their production are desire for gain 

 and love of mystification. 



The production of copies of 

 genuine originals (coins, scarabs, 

 paintings, porcelain) with a fraudu- 

 lent intention is on a different 

 plane. To a special category should 

 be referred such literary decep- 

 tions as Bertram's fabrication (see 

 Bertram, Charles Julius). Among 

 famous modern forgeries are those 

 of Shapira, a Pole, who sold a col- 

 lection of spurious Moabite pottery 

 to the Prussian government for 

 3,000, and afterwards offered the 

 British Museum an alleged Mosaic 

 MS. on leather. The Louvre Mu- 

 seum, Paris, acquired, in 1896, for 

 8,000, a gold tiara inscribed to a 

 Scythian king, Saitarpharnes,which 

 was found in 1903 to have been 

 produced in Odessa by a Russian 

 workman. In 1908 scarabs, pur- 

 porting to record the circumnavi- 

 gation of Africa under Pharaoh - 

 necho, led to a conviction for fraud. 

 Prehistoric remains have fur- 

 nished the forger with a profitable 

 field. Fifty years ago chipped flints 

 were openly manufactured by Ed- 

 ward Simpson (Flint Jack). Meillet 

 of Poitiers published grotesque 

 palaeolithic engravings in 1864. 



Experts allow themselves some- 

 times by self-deception to attribute 

 antiquity to modern relics, as when 

 W. Bode acquired for Berlin in 

 1909 a wax bust made by an Eng- 

 lish sculptor, Lucas, and claimed it 

 as the work of Leonardo da Vinci. 

 See Literary Forgery ; consult also 

 Archaeology and False Antiquities, 

 R. Munro, 1905 ; Forged Egyptian 

 Antiquities, T. G. Wakeling, 1912. 

 False Bay. Inlet of the Atlantic 

 Ocean, on the E. side of the Cape of 

 Good Hope. The Cape of Good 

 Hope and Hangklip Cape form the 

 W. and E. extremities. Its length 

 is 22 m. and its breadth 23 m. It 

 was much used as a rendezvous for 

 the Cape Squadron. 



False Point. Cape and port of 

 India. In the Cuttack District of 

 Bengal, the cape is on the Maha- 

 nadi estuary, and is situated in 

 20 20' N. and 86 47' E. It is so 

 called from being mistaken by sea- 

 men for Point Palmyras, 1 farther 

 N. The port (opened 1860) has the 

 best harbour between Bombay and 

 Calcutta, and has canal communi- 

 cation with the interior of Orissa. 

 False Pretences. Term used in 

 English law. It is a misdemeanour 

 at common law to obtain or at- 



tempt to obtain money or property 

 by false pretences. The pretence 

 must be false ; it must be a state- 

 ment of fact and not merely of in- 

 tention ; the person making it must 

 know it to be false ; by it the other 

 person must be induced to part 

 with the money, etc., and it must 

 be done with intent to defraud. The 

 pretence may be made otherwise 

 than by words e.g. a man in an 

 undergraduate's cap and gown 

 enters a shop in Oxford and obtains 

 goods on credit. He has represen- 

 ted himself to be an undergraduate 

 of the university. A person enters a 

 restaurant, and orders a meal value 

 five shillings. He has represented 

 that he has five shillings wherewith 

 to pay. It must be distinguished 

 from larceny by trick. See Larceny. 

 False Relation. In harmony, 

 one note following a different note 

 of the same letter in another part, 

 e.g. C sharp in alto followed by C 

 natural in tenor, in successive 

 chords. It is not permitted in strict 

 harmony, but is condoned if, using 

 the above example, both parts 

 have C sharp in the first chord. 



Falsetto (TtaL). Term applied 

 to a kind of high voice of men, who 

 discard the natural pitch of speak- 

 ing and singing in order to cultivate 

 extreme high notes and sing an 

 alto part. It is produced, according 

 to some, by allowing only a short 

 length and a portion of the breadth 

 of the vocal cords to vibrate, in- 

 stead of the whole. There are a 

 few natural adult alto voices, but 

 most choir singers who adopt this 

 part are baritones or basses, using 

 their falsetto range. See Voice. 



Falsification. Term meaning 

 making false. It is chiefly used in 

 connexion with accounts. The falsi- 

 fication of accounts by a clerk or 

 servant with intent to defraud is by 

 English law a misdemeanour punish - 

 able by penal servitude. It is also 

 an offence to falsify the service 

 certificate of a seaman or soldier. 

 Some forms of falsification come 

 under the heading of forgery (q.r.). 

 Falstaff. Comic character in 

 Shakespeare's King Henry IV 

 and The Merry Wives of Windsor. 

 In the former the fat knight is the 

 boon companion of Prince Hal ; in 

 the latter he is the dupe of Mistress 

 Ford and Mistress Page, whom he 

 courts with the intention of making 

 money out of them. His boastful- 

 ness, cozening, drunkenness, and 

 cowardice are balanced by his wit 

 and gaiety. See illus. p. 58. 



Falster. Island of Denmark. It 

 lies to the S. of Zealand, between 

 Laaland on the E. and Moen on the 

 W., separated from them by 

 narrow straits. It is 28 m. from N. 

 to S., with a maximum width of 

 15 m. The surface is fairly level, 



but low and marshy near the coast, 

 where malaria is endemic. The 

 island is fertile and cultivated ; 

 stock-raising, dairy farming, and 

 agriculture are the principal occu- 

 pations; Sugar-beet and fruit are 

 the chief crops. The largest towns 

 are Nykjdbing and Stubbekjobing, 

 connected by rly. Area, 183 sq. m. 

 Pop. 34,436. 



Faluns (Fr.). Series of loose, 

 sandy shell-beds, of Miocene age. 

 They occur in the Touraine area 

 of the S.W. part of France. Of 

 marine, shallow-water origin, they 

 often contain numerous fossils. 



Fama Clamosa (Lat., crying 

 report). Term used in Scottish 

 Church law for any public scandal 

 against a minister with which the 

 authorities find it necessary to deal. 

 The charge must be maintained by 

 some responsible person who is 

 prepared to prove it, or it must be 

 a matter of such notoriety that no 

 special complainant is necessary 

 before it can claim official notice. 



Famagusta (Lat. Fama Au- 

 gusta}. Seaport of Cyprus. It 

 stands on the E. coast, 3 m. S. of 

 ancient Salamis. The cathedral of 

 S. Nicolas and a castle are notable 

 features of the town. The harbour 

 improvements were finished in 

 1906, and a narrow gauge rly. con- 

 nects the town with Nicosia and 

 Evrykhou (76 m.). Agriculture is 

 the chief occupation, and the town 

 is noted for its pomegranates. The 

 original Roman walls were strength- 

 ened by the Genoese and Vene- 

 tians, and are still fairly well pre- 

 served. Here, in 1191, Guy de 

 Lusignan (q.r.) was crowned king 

 of Cyprus by Richard I. The town 

 flourished under Venetian rule 

 (1487-1571), but later was taken 

 by the Turks, when its prosperity 

 began to decline. An earthquake 

 in 1735 destroyed it. Pop., includ- 

 ing the village of Varashia, 5,327. 

 Famars. Village of France, in 

 the dept. of Nord. It is 3 m. S. of 

 Valenciennes and was captured on 

 Oct. 26, 1918, by troops of the 

 51st Highland division in the fight 

 for Valenciennes. See Sambre, 

 Battle of the ; Selle, Ba.ttle of the. 

 Famennian. Uppermost stage 

 of the Devonian system of strati- 

 fied rocks. It is well developed in 

 Belgium and northern France, 

 where it consists of fossiliferous 

 shales and sandstones, and in 

 Rhineland, where limestones also 

 are developed. Beds of slate near 

 Ashburton and the Petherwin 

 beds near Dartmoor belong to this 

 stage. iThe name is taken from 

 the slates of Famenne (Belgium). 

 Familiar (Lat'. familiaris). In 

 the Roman Catholic Church, a per- 

 son who belongs to the household 

 of a pope or bishop. He must at 



