FARSETIA 



3O92 



FASHION 



Farsetia. Genus of annual and 

 perennial herbs, and sub-shrubs of 

 the natural order Cruciferae. Na- 

 tives of S. Europe, Asia, and Africa, 

 they have opposite, undivided 

 leaves, and white or yellow flowers. 



Farther India OB INDO-CHINA. 

 Term used to designate the S.E. 

 peninsula of Asia, lying E. of India 

 and S. of China. It includes Assam, 

 Burma, the Malay and Federated 

 States, the Straits Settlements, 

 Annam, Laos, Cambodia, Tong- 

 king, and Cochin China. See 

 Indo-China. 



Farthing (A.S. feortha, fourth). 

 Name of the smallest British bronze 

 coin, value one quarter of a penny. 



Farthing. Obverse and reverse of 



George V farthing, 1914 

 From its first appearance under 

 Edward I, until about 1555, it was 

 a silver com. A copper farthing 

 was coined in 1613, but did not 

 form part of the true coinage till 

 a reissue in 1672, under Charles II, 

 who also struck a tin farthing, with 

 a circle of copper inset, in 1684. 

 Copper half-farthings circulated 

 between 1842-69. The farthing 

 became a bronze coin in 1860, and 

 has a standard weight of 43 '750 

 grains. The coin is legal tender 

 up to the number of four at one 

 time. See Coinage ; Numismatics. 



Farthingale (Span, verdugado, 

 hooped). Hooped framework sup- 

 porting and extending a wide skirt. 

 The fashion was introduced from 

 Spain into England in the time of 

 Elizabeth, and continued until 

 about the middle of the 17th cen- 

 tury. It grew to a prodigious size, 

 the big hoop at the level of the hips 

 giving a flat, circular surface, and 

 keeping the skirt well away from 

 the figure. The fardingale, as it was 

 then called, was revived in rather 

 a different form in the time of 

 Queen Anne, when the skirt be- 

 came more bell-shaped. It was 

 abolished by royal command in 

 George IVs reign, but it later re- 

 appeared as the crinoline. 



Fasa. Town of Persia. It is an 

 important centre in the prov. of 

 Fars, about 80 m. S.E. of Shiraz. 

 Pop. 15,000. 



Fasano. Town of Italy, in the 

 prov. of Bari. It is 35 m. by rly. 

 N.W. of Brindisi. The old palace of 

 the Knights of S. John is now the 

 town hall. In the vicinity are the 

 ruins of Egnatia, an ancient port on 

 the Appian Way. Situated in an 

 olive-growing district, Fasano has 

 many oil mills. Pop. 20,077. 



Fasces. Roman symbol of magisterial authority 



Fascine. A fagot of brushwood on 

 the trestles upon which it is made 



ash often exhibit 

 the abnormality 

 in their upper 

 branches. 



Fascine (Lat. 

 fcueina, fagot). 

 Name for a long 

 fagot of thin 



Fasces (Lat., bundles). Bundles boughsorbrushwood,tightlypacked 

 of rods with an axe bound up in and securely bound, used in military 

 the middle. They were the symbols 

 of the authority of certain of the 

 higher magistrates in ancient Rome 

 and were borne over the shoulders 

 of attendants (lictores) who pre- 

 ceded them. See Imperium. 



Fascia. In anatomy, layer of 

 connective tissue interposed be- engineering. For making fascines a 

 tween the skin and the muscles, cradle of trestles is arranged at a 

 and prolonged inwards between uniform height, the lengths of 

 the muscles so as to form sheaths brushwood are placed thereon, and 

 around them. The strength and tightly packed by means of a 

 thickness of fascia vary in differ- choker, which consists of a length 

 ent parts of the body. On the f chain, the two ends of which 

 outer side of the thigh, for in- ar e secured to stakes, enabling 

 stance, it forms a dense, strong considerable leverage to be brought 

 structure, the ilio-tibial band, ' to bear on the bundle of wood, 

 which helps to steady the body in After bcin g compressed, the fascine 

 the erect position. * s secured by withes of flexible 



Fascia OR FACIA (Lat., bandage, wood bound round it- 

 fillet). Architectural term applied Fascist!, THE (Lat. fascia, bun 

 originally to the bands or divisions die). Society recruited from Italian 

 of an Ionic entablature (g.v.), now Nationalists to oppose extreme 

 extended to include any flat band socialism. Started in 1919, at 



or facing in an entablature. 



first it met opposition with force. 



Fasciation. Abnormal growth but gradually under its leader, B. 



of stems when they become flat- Mussolini, the movement became 



tenod. and the branches, instead of passive, and a fascist government, 



being separate, coalesce with the with Mussolini as premier, came 



stem. This is the constant condi- into being in 1922. Under him 



tion of the flowering parts of cock's Italy recovered from the dislocation 



comb (Celosia cristata) (q.v.) ; but following the Great War, abuses were 



is often found in other herbs and put down, and trade was stimulated, 



trees. The willow f amity and the See Italy ; Mussolini, B. 



FASHION: IN ANCIENT & MODERN TIMES 



M. E. Brooke, Member of the editorial staff of Eve 



The article Costume supplements the information given below. See 



also Dressmaking and articles on the various items of dress : Boot : 



Cap: Glove; Hat; Skirt, etc. 



Derived from Latin fact io, mak- 

 ing, old Fr. fachon, this word has 

 come to mean the prevailing mode 

 or custom, primarily in dress but 

 also in social intercourse, sports, 

 and the like. 



So far as Europe is concerned, 

 many authentic records of raiment 

 are found on tombs and cathedral 

 doors, and stained-glass windows. 

 In 1321 a direct attempt was made 

 to disseminate fashion, a fashion 

 doll being sent to the queen of 

 England. Later these dolls were 

 sent out at regular intervals at 

 the beginning of the spring, sum- 

 mer, autumn, and winter seasons. 

 They were dispatched from Paris 

 to London, St. Petersburg, Rome, 

 Lisbon, and Berlin. In the days of 

 Catherine de' Medici, when Colbert 

 declared that France should supply 

 the wardrobes of the world, two 



dolls were dressed in accordance 

 with the last word in the story of 

 fashion, one en grande tenue and 

 the other en deshabille. They were 

 half life-size, and, having been 

 exhibited at the Hotel Rambouillet, 

 duplicates were sent to the leading 

 cities. These dolls were the fore- 

 runners of the modern fashion 

 papers. 



Curiously enough, the first paper 

 devoted to fashion was neither 

 published in Paris nor written in 

 French. It was brought out by 

 Josse Amman, a painter who 

 was born at Zurich, and died 

 at Nuremberg in 1586. It was 

 published in Frankfort, was writ- 

 ten in Latin, and was followed by 

 Les Modes de la Cour de France, 

 which treated of the costumes 

 of the court of Louis XIV from 

 1675-89. 



