FATTY COMPOUNDS 



3097 



atoms increases. The acidity dimi- 

 nishes with the increase in the 

 carbon atoms, this property being 

 utilised in a process for separating 

 the various acids. Another process 

 of separation depends upon the 

 progressive decrease in the solubi- 

 lity of the barium, magnesium, and 

 lead salts. All the fatty acids, ex- 

 cept formic and acetic, are oily or 

 greasy. The boiling-point rises 

 about 19 C for each addition of CH 2 

 in the formula, in the case of the 

 acids from formic to capric. The 

 melting-points of the solids show a 

 similar rise. The volatility of the 

 acids decreases as the carbon atoms 

 increase, so that lauric acid and 

 those higher in the series can only 

 be distilled without decomposition 

 under diminished pressure. The 

 acids with an odd number of carbon 

 atoms are comparatively rare. 



Fatty Compounds. In organic 

 chemistry, those in which the car- 

 bon atoms are connected together 

 by a single linking. They are also 

 known as saturated compounds be- 

 cause chemical changes are brought 

 about by substituting one atom or 

 group by other groups. Another 

 series of organic compounds con- 

 taining less hydrogen than the fatty 

 compounds are known as unsatur- 

 ated compounds, as they can com- 

 bine directly with hydrogen or 

 chlorine. The fatty acids belong 

 to the group of fatty compounds. 



Fatty Degeneration. Change in 

 the cells of animal tissues in which 

 the constituents of the cell become 

 partly broken down into fat. It 

 may be the result of various dis- 

 eases, e.g. pernicious anaemia, or 

 poisoning by certain substances, 

 such as phosphorus or arsenic, or, 

 more frequently, may follow lessen- 

 ing of the blood supply to an organ 

 owing to narrowing of the arteries. 

 The last is the usual cause of fatty 

 degeneration of the heart. 



Fatwa. Town of Bihar and 

 Orissa, India, in the Barh sub- 

 division of the Patna district. It 

 is situated on the E. Indian Rly., 

 7 m. S.E. of Patna, at the junction 

 of the Punpun with the Ganges. 

 It is a resort of pilgrims. Pop. 

 74,757, 90 p.c. Hindus. 



Faubourg. French word for a 

 suburb, e.g. the Faubourg St. Hon- 

 ore in Paris. It comes from Latin 

 words meaning outside the borough 

 or burg, and in the days when cities 

 had walls was given to suburbs out- 

 side them. 



Faucher, LEON JOSEPH (1803- 

 54). French economist and politi- 

 cian. Born at Limoges, Sept. 8, 

 1803, he became prominent as a 

 journalist, chiefly on Le Temps and 

 Le Courrier Franais, between 

 1830-42, making a close study of 

 economic problems and exerting a 



moderating influence on the liberal 

 factions. Elected a deputy in 

 1847, he was also returned to the 

 constituent assembly of 1848 for 

 the Marne dept. He was a strong 

 advocate of free trade principles, 

 influenced by a visit to England in 

 1843. Although minister of the 

 interior in 1848^49, and again in 

 1851, his active political career was 

 not successful, and he retired from 

 public life in protest against the 

 adoption of universal suffrage in 

 1851. He was largely responsible 

 for the foundation of the Credit 

 Foncier (q.v.) in 1852. He died 

 Dec. 14, 1854. 



Fauchet, CLAUDE (1744-93). 

 French Revolutionist. Born Sept. 

 22. 1744, he became a priest in 

 Paris and tutor in a noble family. 

 His preaching won fame for him, 

 and after being dismissed from his 

 position as court preacher he 

 joined the Revolutionary party. He 

 helped in the attack on the Bastille, 

 and was afterwards a member of 

 the legislative assembly and the 

 national convention. He was made 

 bishop of Calvados, but ceasing to 

 act with the advanced republicans, 

 he was guillotined, Oct. 31, 1793. 



Faucille, COL DE LA. Mt. and 

 pass of France, in the dept. of Ain. 

 They are in the Jura Mts., 16 m. 

 N.W. of Geneva. On the summit of 

 the mountain (4,355 ft.) are two 

 hotels. The pass leads through the 

 valley of the Dappes, which in 1862 

 was partitioned between France 

 and Switzerland. 



Faucit, HELENA SAVILLE (1820- 

 98). A British actress. She made 

 her first London appearance at 

 Covent Garden, 

 Jan. 5, 1836, as 

 Julia in Sheri- 

 dan Knowles's 

 The Hunch- 

 back, and 

 achieved con- 

 spicuous s u c- 

 cess as Juliet, 

 Portia, Con- 

 stance, Desde- 

 mona, Imogen, 

 and Hermione. Macready engaged 

 her as leading lady from 1837 at 

 Covent Garden, The Haymarket, 

 and Drury Lane. Among other 

 parts she acted Cordelia to his 

 Lear, Virginia to his Virginius in 

 Knowles's drama, and Pauline to 

 his Claude, Julie to his Richelieu, 

 and Clara to his Alfred Evelyn, 

 in the original production of 

 Lytton's plays, The Lady of Lyons, 

 Richelieu, and Money. In 1851 

 she married Sir Theodore Martin, 

 who wrote her life, 1900. She 

 died Oct. 31, 1898. 



Fauconberg, BARON. English 

 title dating from 1283 and now 

 united with that of Conyers. 



, Helena Faucit, 

 British actress 



Walter de Fauconberg, who was 

 summoned to Parliament as a baron 

 in 1283, was the first holder, and 

 the title passed to his descendants 

 until it came in 1362 to Thomas, 

 the 5th baron. He left an only 

 daughter, Joan, who married Sir 

 William Neville, and he, following 

 the custom of the time, became 

 Lord Fauconberg. He was made 

 earl of Kent, but died without sons, 

 and from the time when his widow 

 died (1491) to 1627 the barony was 

 in abeyance. In that year Charles I 

 gave Thomas Belayse the title of 

 Baron Fauconberg, and in 1642 

 created him a viscount. To those 

 titles his grandson Thomas suc- 

 ceeded in 1652. He was a parliamen- 

 tarian and married Mary, daughter 

 of Oliver Cromwell. Afterwards 

 he became a royalist and courtier 

 under Charles II. He was made an 

 earl in 1689 and died without sons 

 in 1700. In 1903 the barony 

 was granted to the countess of 

 Yarborough, a descendant of Joan 

 Neville. 



The barony of Conyers dates from 

 1509 and was held by the families 

 of Conyers and Darcy until 1888. 

 In 1892 an abeyance was ended 

 in favour of the countess of Yar- 

 borough. See Holderness, Earl of. 



Fauldhouse. Parish and town 

 of Linlithgowshire, Scotland. It is 

 7 m. S.W. of West Calder, on the 

 Cal. and N.B. Rlys. Coal and iron- 

 stone are worked, and there is a 

 paraffin industry. Pop. 3,923. 



Faulhorn. Mt. of Switzerland, 

 in the canton of Berne. It is in 

 the Bernese Oberland, 32 m. S.E. 

 of Berne, between the lake of 

 Brienz and the Grindelwald valley. 

 It is composed of calcareous, fri- 

 able schist. Alt. 8,803 ft. 



Fault. In geology, a dislocation 

 of rock- beds due to movements of 

 the earth's crust. Three main types 

 are recognized : normal, reversed, 

 and transcurrent. In normal faults 

 the displacement is more or less 

 inclined, rarely vertical. On one 

 side of the line of fracture rock-beds 

 are thrown to a lower level, the 

 amount of vertical displacement 

 being known as the throw, the 

 inclination from vertical being 

 termed the hade. 



Normal faults may run in ap- 

 proximately the same direction as 

 inclination of beds (dip faults), or 

 at right-angles to it, that is, coincid- 

 ing with the trend of the bed (strike- 

 faults). They may be oblique, or 

 occur in groups (step or trough - 

 faults), and intersection of faults 

 often takes place. When dis- 

 location is inclined to the upthrow, 

 the reversed type of fault is pro- 

 duced. Reversed faulting is usually 

 associated with highly inclined or 

 folded strata, and may lead to 



