FIFE 



Fife (Fr. fifre, Ger. Pfeife, Lat. 

 pipare, to chirp, pipe). Small flute 

 used for military marching. It is 

 associated with drums when a full 

 band is not available. In a drum 

 and fife band the chief melodic 

 work is allotted to the B flat fifes, 

 arranged to play in unison or in 

 two or three parts ; they are 

 assisted in lower notes by larger 

 flutes, in F and in E flat, and in 

 the higher ranges by piccolos (q.v. ) 

 in F and in E flat. As the open key 

 of all the flutes is called D, trans- 

 positions are reckoned from D, 

 instead of from C, as is the case 

 with most other instruments. For 

 example, the first two bars of 

 " God Save the King," in key B flat, 

 would be written as follows to 

 secure a unison effect : 



Piccolo in F. 



Piccolo in EtJ. 



FIFE 



Fife in Bp. 



and the actual pitch would be 



In fife bands the percussion 

 instruments include side -drums, 

 bass drum, cymbals, and triangle. 

 Fife OE FIFESHIRE. Eastern 

 maritime and peninsular county of 

 Scotland. Lying between the Firth 

 of Tay and the 

 Firth of Forth,its 

 area is 504 sq. m. 

 The surface al- 

 ternates between 

 hill ridges and 

 fertile and well- 

 cultivated val- 

 leys, the highest 

 Fifeshire arms eminence being 

 West Lomond, 1,713 ft. There are 

 several small lakes ; of the rivers, 

 the Eden and Leven are the largest. 

 Nearly 75 p.c. of the soil is culti- 

 vated, a large area being permanent 

 pasture ; wheat, barley, oats, and 

 potatoes are raised. The mineral 

 wealth of the county is largely 

 represented by coal, but limestone, 



Fife. Map of the Scottish county north o! the Forth 



ironstone, freestone, and oil-shale 

 are also worked. Most of the coast 

 towns and villages engage in fish- 

 ing, and the linen and floor-cloth 

 manufactures are prominent. St. 

 Andrews has a university, and is an 

 important golf centre. The rly. 

 is the N. B. R. Two members 

 are returned to Parliament. 

 Cupar or Cupar-Fife, the county 

 town, Kirkcaldy, Dunfermline, St. 

 Andrews, Cowdenbeath, and Buck- 

 haven are the largest towns. Pop. 

 267,739. Evidences of Roman 

 occupation exist, and other ancient 

 objects of interest are the monastic 

 ruins found in many parts of the 

 " kingdom," as the county is still 

 popularly called. 



LITERARY ASSOCIATIONS. To Cu- 

 par belonged Sir David Lindsay, 

 the 16th century satiric poet, and 

 another of the Lindsays of Fife was 

 Lady Anne Lindsay, who wrote 

 Auld Robin Grey. Adam Smith, 

 the political economist, was born at 

 Kirkcaldy, while Balwearie, near by, 

 was the birthplace of Michael Scott 

 the " wizard." At Kirkcaldy, too, 

 Thomas Carlyle sojourned as the 

 pupil of Edward Irving. To Pitlour 

 belonged Miss Campbell, who wrote 

 The March of the Cameron Men. 

 At Lower Largo was born Alex- 

 ander Selkirk, who is immortalised 

 as Defoe's Robinson Crusoe, and is 

 the subject of a poem by William 

 Cowper ; a niched statue of him as 

 Crusoe was erected here in 1885. 

 St. Andrews, which is crowded with 

 associations with notable students, 

 has memories of George Buchanan 

 and of John Knox, who began his 

 work as reformer here. 



Fife. Settlement in Northern 

 Rhodesia, on the Stevenscra Road 

 from Lake Nyasa to Lake Tan- 

 ganyika. 



Fife, EARL AND DUKE or. British 

 titles born by the family of Duff. 

 In 1735 a certain William Duff, 



who had been M.P. for Banff shire, 

 where he owned large estates, was 

 made an Irish peer, as Baron Breco. 

 An earldom followed in 1759. 

 James, the 4th earl, was a major- 

 general in the Spanish army during 

 the Peninsular War, and James, 

 the 5th earl, was made a British 

 peer as Baron Skene in 1857. He 

 died in 1879 and his son and suc- 

 cessor was the nobleman who 

 married Princess Louise. He 

 had been previously made a 

 British peer (1885), and in 1889 he 

 was created marquess and duke. 

 He died in 1912, when his Irish 

 title became extinct, but the newer 

 ones passed by special remainder 

 to the elder of his two daughters, 

 who became duchess of Fife. The 

 duke had enormous estates in 

 Banffshire and Aberdeenshire, but 

 much of his land has been sold. 

 His chief seats were Mar Lodge, 

 Braemar, and Duff House, Banff. 

 The heir to the title is known as 

 the earl of Macduff. 



Fife, ALEXANDER WILLIAM 

 GEORGE DUFF, DUKE OF (1849- 

 1912). British nobleman. Only 

 son of the 5th 

 earl of Fife, he 

 was born Nov. 

 10, 1849, and 

 was educated 

 at Eton. He 

 sat in the 

 House of 

 Commons for 

 the counties of 

 Elgin and 

 Nairn, from 

 1874 until he succeeded to the peer- 

 age in 1879. In 1889 he married 

 Louise, eldest daughter of the 

 prince of Wales, and was created 

 duke of Fife. He died at Assuau 

 Jan. 29, 1912, from a chill con- 

 tracted at the wreck of the steamer 

 Delhi off Morocco, and was buried 

 Aug. 8, 1912, at Braemar. 



