FILANG1ERI 



3144 



FILE 



of Satriano, he 

 died Oct. 9, 1867. 

 "* Filaria (Lat. 

 filum, thread). 

 Genus of Nema- 

 tode or thread- 

 like worms, many 

 of which are 

 parasitic in the 

 bodies of man and 

 other animals. 

 Certain of these 

 minute worms 

 are the cause of 



Fiji. Map of the South Pacific islands ceded to Great 

 Britain in 1874 



The Fiji Islands were ceded by 

 the ruling chiefs to the British 

 Empire on October 10, 1874, and 

 are administered by a governor 

 appointed by the crown, who is 

 assisted by executive and legisla- 

 tive councils, but a fair amount of 

 self-government is allowed. The 

 governor is high commisioner 

 and consul-general for the West 

 Pacific. The islands were dis- 

 covered by Tasman in 1643 and 

 visited by Cook in 1769. Pop. 

 163,416, of whom 87,761 are 

 Frjians, 61,745 Indians, 4,800 Euro- 

 peans, the remainder being Chinese, 

 Polynesians, and Rotumans. 



Filangieri, GAETANO (1752-88). 

 Italian lawyer. The son of Caesar 

 Filangieri, prince of Arianiello, he 

 was born at Naples, Aug. 18, 1752, 

 and became a lawyer. He is chiefly 

 known for his work, The Science of 

 Legislation, which secured a Euro- 

 pean reputation. This is unfin- 

 ished, only four out of its six books 

 being completed ; it deals with 

 legislation, economics, and educa- 

 tion, and shows its author as a 

 thinker much in advance of his 

 time. Filangieri passed much of 

 his life in Spain, where he held 

 appointments at court, and he was 

 there when he died, July 21, 1788. 

 The Science of Legislation has been 

 translated into English by Sir R. 

 Clayton, 1806. 



Filangieri had a son, Carlo (1784- 

 1867), famous as a soldier in the 

 French service. He began his 

 career under Napoleon and saw 

 service at Ulm, Austerlitz, and else- 

 where. He was afterwards in Spam, 

 but his name is chiefly associated 

 with Sicily. In 1848 he was sent 

 there by Ferdinand II, king of 

 Naples, to subdue the rebels, which 

 he did. He remained in the island 

 as governor until 1855. In 1859 he 

 was made prime minister by Fran- 

 cis II, king of Naples, but he soon 

 resigned because his suggestions 

 for a more liberal form of govern- 

 ment were rejected. Made prince 



various 

 most of them 

 peculiar to tropi- 

 cal countries. 

 Filaria bancrofti, 

 which occurs in 

 Egypt, Australia, 



Southern Asia, 



and Brazil, lives in its adult stage 

 in the lymphatic glands, while its 

 embryos, Microfilaria sanguinis- 

 hominis, are found in the blood. 

 It is conveyed by the bite of a 

 mosquito, and is the cause of 

 elephantiasis and haematuria. Fi- 

 laria medinensis is known as the 

 guinea worm, and encysts under the 

 skin of the back and legs, forming 

 serious subcutaneous abscesses. 

 The larval stage is passed in the 

 cyclops, and the larvae probably 

 conveyed to man by drinking im- 

 pure water. See Tropical Diseases. 

 Filariasis. Disease caused by 

 infection with a nematode worm 

 belonging to the family Filariidae. 

 Several genera and species are 

 recognized, but by far the most 

 important is the Filaria bancrofti. 

 See Elephantiasis. 



Filbert. Fruit of the cultivated 

 hazel. In it the leathery husk is 

 greatly extended so as to conceal 

 the nut. Its proper name is 

 Philibert nut, so called from S. 

 Philibert, whose day is kept Aug. 22 

 during the height of the nutting 

 season. See Hazel. 



Fildes, SIR LTJKE (b. 1844). 

 British artist. Born at Liverpool, 

 he studied at Chester, Warrington, 

 South Kensington and the Academy 

 schools. He began his career with 

 black and white work for The 

 Graphic, contributing a sketch of 

 Casuals for the first number, 1869 ; 

 this was, in 1874, the subject of a 

 popular p i c - 

 tureattheR.A. 

 He illustrated 

 Dickens' s Ed- 

 win Drood. 

 Casuals was 

 followed b y 

 The Doctor, 

 1892 (Tate 

 G a 1 1 e r yX 

 which set the 

 seal on his 

 reputation as 

 a painter of 



pathetic subjects. Ojln 1887 he 

 turned to portraiture, and after- 

 wards produced little else. In 1901 

 he painted the official portrait 

 of King Edward VII, and in 1905 

 that of Queen Alexandra. He was 

 elected A.R.A. in 1879 and R.A. 

 in 1887. Knighted in 1906, he was 

 created K.C.V.O. in 1918. 



File. Important hand tool used 

 largely in the metal industries. Its 

 purpose is to smooth down, by 

 means of sharp edges or points 

 formed upon its 

 surface, a rough 

 or irregular sur- 

 face or remove a 

 film or excre- 

 scence of mate- 

 rial. Files are 

 also used to shar- 

 pen saws. Many 

 varieties are 

 used : flat, taper, 

 round, square, 

 three - square or 

 triangular, half- 

 round, and rat- 

 tail. In flat files 

 both faces and 

 edges may be 

 cut ; if one edge 

 is left smooth the 

 file is said to have 

 one "safe-edge." 



. 



centre, single-cut single cut or 

 rough file; at double cut. The 



crucible cast steel ; the cutting 

 edges are formed by means of a 

 short chisel, which is held at a 

 particular angle on the " blank," 

 as the uncut shape is called, and 

 struck with a hammer. A rasp is 

 a file in which a series of strong 

 burrs are made by a pointed punch. 

 The cutting begins at the point 

 of the file and advances by steps 

 according to the intended fineness 

 of the file. After the first cutting is 

 finished, if the file is to be double 

 cut, it is gone over again with the 

 chisel held so as to cross the former 

 cuts at an angle. Cutting surfaces 

 of files are distinguished in a com- 

 plete series as rough, middle cut, 

 bastard, second cut, smooth and 

 dead smooth. The sizes range from 

 a watchmaker's tool, about three- 

 quarters of an inch long, to files 

 three feet in length. Most classes 

 are provided with a " tang," a 

 pointed end intended to be driven 

 into a wooden handle. The best 

 files are still cut by hand, though 

 file-cutting machines are now 

 largely in use. Files are cut while 

 ,the blanks are in the soft or an- 

 nealed state, and are afterwards 

 hardened, great care being taken 

 to avoid distortion of their shapes. 

 Skill in filing, the ability to file a 



