FILE 



surface flat, is the hall-mark of a 

 go ^d mechanic; but machine tools 

 have diminished the importance of 

 the art. 



File (Lat. filum, thread). Mili- 

 tary term for soldiers formed up 

 behind one another. In the British 

 army men fall in in two lines ; those 

 abreast form the ranks ; each man 

 in the front rank with the man 

 immediately behind him forms a 

 file. When numbered off, the front 

 rank man numbers for his file, odd 

 numbers being called right, even 

 numbers left, files. When the total 

 of the men in the squad is an odd 

 number the last man but one in 

 the front rank, who is known as a 

 blank file, has no man to cover him. 

 Filey. Urban dist. and seaside 

 resort of E. Riding of Yorkshire, 

 England. It is 9 m. S.E. of Scar- 



r . 7 borough on the 



N.E.R., and is 

 pleasantly s i t u- 

 ated on the cliffs 

 overlooking Filey 

 Bay with a fine 

 stretch of firm 

 sand, a good pro- 

 menade, and golf 

 Filey arms links _ T h e urban 

 council owns the gas and water- 

 works. Filey Brigg, on the N. part 

 of the Bay, is a ridge of sandstone 

 stretching m. out to sea. S. 



Filigree. 



Filey. 



The town and sea front seen from the North Cliff 



Frith 



Oswald's, a cruciform building, 

 partly of Norman work, is the chief 

 church. Until recently the bound- 

 ary between the E. and N. 

 Ridings of Yorkshire separated this 

 church from the town proper. 

 Roman antiquities have been dis- 

 covered here. ,^op. 3,228. 



Filibuster. General term for a 

 freebooter. It is now used of private 

 individuals who wage unauthorised 

 warfare against a foreign state. In 

 the U.S.A. obstructive legislators 

 are called filibusters. The word 

 was originally applied to the buc- 

 caneers or 17th century pirates of 

 the West Indies, and is used speci- 

 fically for the adventurers who, 



31 45 



after the Mexican r 



war, organized 



expeditions in the j 



U.S.A. to fight in | 



Spanish - American [ 



revolutions, e.g. \ 



N a r c i s o Lopez | 



against Cuba I 



(1850-51) and 1 



William Walker J 



against Nicaragua ; 



(1855-60). The [ 



Spanish form of , 



the word isfilibus- j 



tero, a corruption 



of Dutch vrijbuiter [ 



(vrij, free ; buit, 



booty). 

 Filigree (Lat. I 



filum, thread; [ 



granum, grain). 



Form of decora- J 



tive work carried | 



out with fine wire ! 



of gold, silver, or f 



copper. It has j 



been used for 



jewelry and orna- j 



ment from pre- j 



historic times, \ 



sometimes alone, ^ 



sometimes in com- 



bination with 



solid metal, enamel, and precious 



stones. The Etruscans and later 



the Byzantines combined filigree 

 work with granu- 

 lation a type of 

 decoration c o n- 

 sisting of small 

 and large balls. 

 In early work the 

 dainty wire 

 patterns were 

 attached to metal 

 plates, and when 

 the space between 

 was filled with 

 enamel it was 

 known as filigree 

 enamel. Treat- 

 in e n t differs a 

 good deal. Indian 

 work is mostly 

 floral, very thin 



wire filling in the space between 



the outline of thicker flattened wire. 



Maltesefiligreeis like cobwebby lace, 



andsoismuchof that from Portugal. 

 Apart from articles for personal 



adornment, filigree decoration was 



largely used in medieval times for 



embellishing reliquaries, and, from 



this, detached lacework in Gothic 



architecture is sometimes called 



filigree work. 



There are two types of filigree 



glass: (1) interwoven or spirally 



twisted clouded or coloured threads 



embedded in the glass ; (2) surface 



decorations or other ornaments car- 

 ried out in glass threads. See illus. 



p. 1537. 



FILIPESCU 



IP* 



: 



Examples of modern Genoese filigree work 

 in finely drawn silver wire 



Filing. Method by which cor" 

 respondence or other records are 

 kept in order to be available for 

 quick and easy reference. In busi- 

 ness circles flat filing, i.e. using a 

 board with a metal holder attached 

 to it, which can be opened and 

 closed at will, took the place of a 

 spiked wire, and in its turn gave 

 way to the vertical filing system 

 introduced into England between 

 1890 and 1900. 



The primary idea of vertical filing 

 is to bring together in one place 

 all letters to and from a customer 

 or client, and to arrange them in 

 such a way as will give instant 

 access to any particular one. Each 

 correspondent has a separate folder, 

 in which the letters are arranged 

 in chronological order, and the 

 folders are arranged in cabinets. 

 See Card Index; Indexing. 



Filipescu, NICOLA (1857-1916). 

 Rumanian statesman. After study- 

 ing law in Paris and returning to 

 Rumania, he 

 was elected a 

 deputy, and in 

 1900 became 

 minister of { 

 agriculture 

 and domains. 

 Minister of 

 war, 1911-12, 

 he was largely 

 responsible for 



the reorganization of the army. 

 On leaving the war office he was 

 minister of agriculture until 1913. 



Nicola Filipescu, 

 Rumanian statesman 



