FILIPINOS 



On the outbreak of the Great War 

 he was a strong advocate of the 

 participation of Rumania on the 

 side of the Allies. He died on Oct. 

 13, 1916 



Filipinos. Name applied gener- 

 ally to the native inhabitants of 

 the Philippine Islands (q.v.). They 

 belong to tribes of Malayan stock. 

 The Liga Filipina was founded 

 about 1890 by Dr. Jose Rizal 

 (q.v.) with the object of securing 

 more freedom for the inhabitants 

 than they then had under Spanish 

 rule, and subsequently the term 

 Filipino came into general use. 



Filite. Italian propellant. Bal- 

 listite was adopted as the standard 

 propellant by the Italian Govern- 

 ment very soon after it was invented 

 by Nobel, but whereas the original 

 ballistite was in the form of flakes, 

 the Italians drew it into fine threads 

 by the addition of a solvent and 

 named it filite. See Solenite. 



Fillan (d. c. 777). Early Scottish 

 saint. According to the Aberdeen 

 breviary, he was the son of S. 

 Kentigerna, and early in life be- 

 came a monk. He lived for some 

 years in a cell near St. Andrews, 

 where he was later elected abbot. 

 Resigning this position, he retired 

 to Glendochart in Perthshire, 

 where he founded a church, which 

 he served. He was buried at Strath- 

 fillan, Perthshire. 



Filler. Word used in several 

 senses, and specially applied to the 

 contents of a cigar which are sur- 

 rounded by the wrapper. In pre- 

 paring ground for building, and hi 

 canal or rly. work, etc., a filler is 

 the man who fills the barrows or 

 trucks with excavated material. 



Fillet (Old Fr. filet, little 

 thread). Term in architecture, sig- 

 nifying a narrow moulding or flat 

 band in a moulding. It is also 

 used to indicate the flat ridge 

 between the flutes of a shaft. See 

 Fluting ; Moulding. 



Fillmore, MILLARD (1800-74). 

 President of the U.S.A. Born 

 Feb. 7, 1800, in New York state, 

 the son of a settler, he had a rough 

 boyhood. Apprenticed to the cloth 

 trade, he began to study law, and 

 earned a livelihood by teaching at 

 Buffalo until qualified to practise. 

 This he did at Aurora, where he was 

 soon the head of a prosperous 

 firm. In 1829 he entered the 

 legislature of New York. This led 

 to Congress, wherein he sat as a 

 Whig, 1833-35 and 1837-43, be- 

 coming a prominent speaker in the 

 House of Representatives. In 

 1848 he was chosen vice-president, 

 and in July, 1850, he succeeded to 

 the presidency. > 



On the slavery question Fillmore 

 was a moderate. On the one side 

 he pressed forward in 1850 the 



fugitive slave 

 law and other 

 measures of 

 compromise ; 

 on the other he 

 had supported 

 legislation for 

 preventing the 

 extension of 

 slavery out- 

 side the exist- 

 ing slave 



states. In 1850 the Whigs declined 

 to put Fillmore forward, and when 

 he stood for president in 1854 only 

 one state supported him. He died 

 at Buffalo, March 8, 1874. 



Film. System of photography 

 in which a flexible material is used 

 in place of glass plates as the sup- 

 port of the sensitive emulsion in 

 the making of negatives. Its ad- 

 vantages are reduction of weight 

 and the facility of loading the 

 camera and developing the nega- 

 tives without a dark-room, and 

 non-liability of the negatives to 

 breakage when stored. Celluloid is 

 almost exclusively used as the flex- 

 ible support ; paper is employed to 

 a slight extent. The sensitive film 

 is generally used as a long band 

 wound on a spool or bobbin along 

 with a longer band of black paper, 

 the extra length of which at each 

 end allows of the spool being in- 

 serted in one chamber of a film- 

 camera, and then of the film being 

 wound on to a second but empty 

 spool after exposure. 



Owing to the enveloping black 

 paper both operations can be done 

 in full daylight, and material for 

 any number of photographic sub- 

 jects thus carried and used with- 

 out a dark-room. The modern use 

 of films dates from 1891, when this 

 so-called "daylight loading" was 

 introduced commercially by the 

 Eastman Kodak Co. for the East- 

 man roll-film introduced in 1889. 

 In 1914 a new (autographic) pat- 

 tern of Eastman film spool was in- 

 troduced in which, by means of a 

 special paper between the film and 

 the black paper, the title or date 

 of exposure may be impressed 

 below the negative when taking 

 the photograph. 



Emulsion-coated film of stiffer 

 substance is also used in cut pieces, 

 and is handled very similarly to 

 dry plates. Emulsion-coated paper 

 for the making of negatives is also 

 made in relatively small quantity 

 in out sheets. (See Photography.) 

 Film is also used as a general 

 term for the cinematograph in- 

 dustry, in which the photographic 

 film is a prime factor. Plays 

 written for the film are examined 

 in Great Britain by a board of film 

 censors, who in 1919-20 examined 

 6,233,155 feet of film, embracing 



2,311 subjects. A large number 

 of persons earn a livelihood by 

 working for the great companies 

 that prepare films for the public, 

 while the works of many novelists 

 are adapted for this purpose. See 

 Cinematography ; Picture Theatre. 



Filmer, Sm ROBERT (d. 1653). 

 English political writer. Edu- 

 cated at Trinity College, Cam- 

 bridge, he was a staunch royalist, 

 and suffered much during the 

 civil war. His political treatises, 

 mostly published posthumously, 

 are of an absolutist character, 

 defending the patriarchal theory 

 of the origin of government, and 

 attacking the doctrines of Hobbes, 

 Milton, and others. The most im- 

 portant is Patriarcha, published 

 1680 and to which Lock replied in 

 his Treatise on Government. He 

 died May 26, 1653. 



Filmy Fern. Fern of delicate 

 texture belonging to the genera 

 Trichomanes, HymenopJiyllum, and 

 Todea. The leaves are so thin in 



Filmy Fern. Leaves of Hymeno- 

 pbyllum Tunbridgense 



substance that they are more or 

 less pellucid, and lose moisture so 

 rapidly that they are found grow- 

 ing only where the atmosphere is 

 humid. Consequently in cultivation 

 they require to be kept in a closed 

 case. The Filmy ferns proper form 

 the genus Hymenophyllum,ot which 

 H. tunbridgense is a well-known 

 European form, with leaves only 

 two or three inches long, growing 

 in matted sheets on moist, shaded 

 rock. The Killaraey fern (Tricho- 

 manes radicans) is a much larger 

 species, with leaves as much as a 

 foot long. 



Filon, PIERRE MARIE AUGUSTEN 

 (1841-1916). French author. The 

 second son of the historian, Charles 

 Auguste Filon (1800-75), in 1867 

 he was appointed tutor to the 

 Prince Imperial, only son of Napo- 

 leon III, and after the Franco- 

 Prussian War he accompanied the 

 prince to England. He died at j 

 Croydon, May 13, 1916. -, , j 



Besides numerous studies ot 

 English life and literature con- 

 tributed to French reviews, his 



