FINLAND 



FINN 



Finland. A typical Finnish family 



late the Church has lost influence 

 ', with the advance of socialism, now 

 to be reckoned as one of the great- 

 est forces in the country, with a 

 majority in the diet. 



Finnish peasants live simply, 

 and their food is poor, but, except 

 in the N. and E., there is little real 

 poverty. The bath house attached 

 to every farm is characteristic of 

 the country. The Swedish element 

 of the population is found in the 

 towns, where until recently they 

 formed the wealthy commercial 

 classes. The Finns now are well 

 represented among the more pros- 

 perous classes in the towns. Local 

 veto and strict regulations on the 

 sale of alcohol have made the Finns 

 a sober nation. The organization 

 of public wealth and preventive 

 measures, particularly against chol- 

 era, are well developed. 



INDUSTRIES. Oats, barley, and rye 

 are the chief crops, and potatoes are 

 important. A little flax is grown. 

 Numbers of cattle are kept for 

 dairy purposes. Minerals are few 

 and of small importance. Manu- 

 factures are well developed, mainly 

 by help of water power. They in- 

 clude engineering, machine and 

 shipbuilding, pulp and paper- 

 making, cotton goods and tanning. 

 Saw-mills number about 1,000. 

 The chief ports are Helsingfors, 

 Hango, Abo, Kotka, Viborg, and 

 Uleaborg. The main exports are 

 timber, butter, paper, pulp, and 

 j textiles, and the imports include 



cereals and other 

 foods, cotton, 

 machinery, and 

 coal. Much inland 

 traffic is by water, 

 but roads, in the 

 S., are numerous 

 and well made. 

 The southern half 

 of the country is 

 well served by 

 rlys., which are 

 linked with those 

 of Russia and meet 

 those of Sweden. 

 The gauge is 

 chiefly 5 ft. ; the 

 mileage in 1914 

 was 2,500 m. 

 Most rlys. are 

 state-owned. A 

 rly. through Lap- 

 land to the Arctic 

 Ocean is being 

 built. The tele- 

 graph and tele- 

 phone systems are 

 well developed. 



Bibliography. 

 Through Finland 

 in Carts, A. Twee- 

 die, new ed. 1900 ; 

 Finland as it is, H. 

 de Windt, 1901 ; 

 A Summer Tour in Finland, 

 P. Waineman, 1908; Through 

 Finland to St. Petersburg, A. M. 

 Scott, 1908; Finland To-day, G. 

 Renwick, 1911; Finland: the 

 Land of a Thousand Lakes, E. 

 Young, 19 12 ; Finland and the Finns, 

 A. R. Reade, 1915; Peace Hand- 

 books: No. 47, Finland; No. 48, 

 Aaland Islands, 1918; The Red In- 

 surrection in Finland, 1 9 1 8, H. Soder- 

 hjelm,Eng. trans. A. I. Fansholl, 1919. 



Finland, GULF OF. Eastern arm 

 of the Baltic Sea, between Finland 

 and Esthonia. It is studded with 

 islands. Several important towns 

 are on the coast Petrograd, Hel- 

 singfors, Viborg, and Reval. Its 

 length is 250 m. and its average 

 breadth 60 m. 



Finlay, ROBERT BANNATYNE FIN- 

 LAY,!ST VISCOUNT (b. 1842). British 

 lawyer and politician. Born July 1 1 , 

 1842, he was 

 educated at 

 Edinburgh 

 academy and 

 university. He 

 qualified as a 

 doctor, but be- 

 came a barris- ' t^ 

 ter in 1867. 

 Success quickly 

 came to him, Viscount Finlay, 

 and, assured of Britisb law * CT 

 a good prac- *"" 



tice, he sat in Parliament as 

 Liberal M.P. for Inverness Burghs 

 from 1885-92, and from 1895- 

 1906. From 1910-16 he repre- 

 sented the universities of Edin- 



burgh and St. Andrews, having 

 been since 1886 a strong Unionist. 

 From 1895-1900 Finlay served as 

 solicitor-general, and from 1900-6 

 as attorney-general. He became 

 lord chancellor in the Government 

 formed by Lloyd George in Dec., 

 1916, retiring in Dec., 1918. On his 

 appointment he was made a baron, 

 and a viscount in 1919. He was ap- 

 pointed British member of the per- 

 manent court of arbitration at the 

 Hague, in 1920, and was lord rector 

 of Edinburgh University, 1902-3. 



Finlay, GEORGE (1799-1875). 

 British historian. Born at Favers- 

 ham, Dec. 21, 1799, he was edu- 

 cated at the universities of Glasgow 

 and Gottingen. He espoused the 

 cause of Greek independence, saw 

 much of Byron at Missolonghi, 

 and finally made Greece his home, 

 never visiting England after 1854. 

 His great work, A History of 

 Greece from the Conquest by the 

 Romans to the Present Time, was 

 published complete in 1877, its 

 main parts having previously ap- 

 peared in 1844, 1856, and 1861. 

 Among the other writings of Fin- 

 lay, who had a clear if not pictur- 

 esque style, were articles in Black - 

 wood's Magazine, The Athen- 

 aeum and The Times, and studies 

 of classical geography, published 

 in German, 1844. He died at 

 Athens, Jan. 26, 1875. 



Finmark. Maritime fylker or 

 county of N. Norway. It is bounded 

 N. by the Arctic Ocean and S. 

 by Lapland, and is the northern- 

 most portion of the European land 

 mass, culminating in the North 

 Cape. Area, 18,535 sq. m. Its 

 rugged coast is indented by bays 

 and fiords fringed by numerous 

 islands. The surface is elevated, 

 rising to over 3,000 ft. in parts. 

 Fishing and reindeer- breeding are 

 the chief occupations. Hammerfest 

 (q.v. ) is the chief town. Pop. 44,777, 

 mostly dwelling on or near the coast. 

 Nomad Lapps occupy the .interior. 



Finn,,FioNN, FIND, OR FINGAL. 

 Warrior hero of Celtic tradition. 

 The legends which gather round 

 his name have almost certainly a 

 real historical figure behind them. 

 Finn was the son of Cumhal (pran. 

 cool ) of Leinster and Morna of the 

 White Hand, and was born after 

 his father's death in battle at 

 Cnucha ; first called Demne, he 

 came to be called Finn, the Fair 

 One, from his appearance. He 

 took over the leadership of the 

 warrior band known as the Fians 

 or Fianna from his life-long 

 enemy Goll MacMurna. His sons 

 Oisin and Feargus, his grandson 

 Oscar, his herald Ullin, his fav- 

 ourite hound Bran, were famous 

 figures in his story. One of the 

 chief episodes in his career was the 



1G 4 



