FISHING ROD 



FISH RESIDUES 



varieties of rod, bait, and all the 

 accessories were evolved. - Close 

 times are enforced by law, while a 

 long series of Acts, which may be 

 said to date from Magna Carta, 

 lay down the law on the matter 

 as far as the United Kingdom is 

 concerned. Dealing with fisheries 

 of every kind, deep sea, inshore, 

 and inland water, they forbid the 

 use of poison or explosives for the 

 purpose of catching fish, make 

 regulations about the registration 

 and management of fishing boats, 

 and lay down other conditions for 

 the purpose of conserving the sup- 

 plies and using them in the interest 

 of the whole nation. 



For England and Wales the law 

 is administered by the board of 

 agriculture, which has a special 

 branch to deal with fisheries, while 

 Scotland and Ireland have each 

 their own department for the pur- 

 pose. The United States, Canada, 

 and other countries are equally 

 vigilant in this matter. Inter- 

 national agreements deal with 

 areas, such as the Newfoundland 

 banks and Bering Sea, where men 

 of different nations come into con- 

 tact. See Angling ; Close Time ; 

 Fisheries ; Fly-fishing ; Trawling. 



Fishing Rod. Rod employed by 

 anglers. Used for casting the line 

 and keeping it clear of the bank or 

 shore upon which the fisherman is 

 standing, the rod varies largely 

 with the nature of the sport. Sal- 

 mon fly rods, which are liable to 

 great strain, are usually of cane 

 with a steel rod in the centre, and 

 measure from 16 ft. to 17 ft. 6 ins. 

 For trout and other fresh-water 

 fishing a lighter rod from 12 ft. to 

 13 ft. in length has been found the 

 most suitable. Fishing rods are 

 usually jointed for greater con- 

 venience, and are fitted with a reel 

 to wind in the line. See Angling. 



Fishkill. Town of New York 

 state, U.S.A., now part of the city 

 of Beacon. It stands on a creek of 

 the Hudson, 59 m. from New York 

 city, and its full name of Fishkill 

 Landing throws light on its origin. 

 One of the oldest places in the 

 state, it has two churches dating 

 from the 18th century, one being 

 the building in which the congress 

 of New York met in 1776. It was a 

 base for the Americans during the 

 War of Independence. It is con- 

 nected by rail and ferry with New- 

 burgh on the other side of the 

 Hudson. 



Fish Lice. Small crustaceans of 

 the order Copepoda (q.v,), which 

 am parasitic on fishes. They de- 

 part widely from the typical forms 

 of the order, and are degenerate in 

 both structure and function. The 

 usual head appendages are modified 

 into sucking or adhesive organs. 



Fish Measure. Special mea- 

 sures of capacity used in the sale of 

 fish. These can be summarised 

 thus : 4 fish make 1 warp ; 33 

 warps, a long hundred ; 10 long 

 hundreds, a long thousand ; 10 long 

 thousand (13,200 fish), a last. In 

 addition to this 500 herrings make 

 a code, 600 herrings a mease, and 

 615 herrings a maze ; 37 J gallons of 

 fresh herrings equal a cran, and 

 26f gallons of cured herrings a bar- 

 rel. A barrel of anchovies is 30 Ib. 

 Fishmongers' Company. Lon- 

 don city livery company. Founded 

 to exercise a mo- 

 nopoly of the fish 

 trade of London, 

 and originally 

 divided into two 

 companies, Salt- 

 fishmongers and 

 Stock- fishmon- 

 gers, its earliest 

 extant charter is 

 dated 1364, but 

 foundation fraternity of S. 

 Peter existed in the 12th century. 

 Sir William Walworth, the lord 

 ________ mayo r 



who slew 

 Wat the 

 Tyler, and 

 Doggett 

 (q.v.), who 

 bequeath- 

 ed money 

 for the an- 

 nual race 

 for D o g- 

 gett's coat 

 and badge 

 on the 

 Thames, 

 were mem- 

 bers ; the 

 king and 

 the prince 

 of Wales 

 are f r e e- 

 men. The 

 c o mpany, 

 which 

 e x a mines 

 all fish 

 brought 

 into Bil- 

 lingsgate, 

 has a cor- 

 p o r a t e 

 and trust 

 income 

 of over 

 50,000. 

 The hall 

 in Upper 

 Thames Street, E.G., was built in 

 1831-33, near the site of its two 

 predecessors, the first of which was 

 burnt in 1666 and rebuilt 1671. 

 In it are shown Sir W. Walworth's 

 dagger, an embroidered Tudor pall, 

 and a chair made from one of the 

 original piles of old London Bridge. 



Fishing Rod. Left, 



salmon rod and three 



joints ; right, pike rod 



and joints 



By courtesy of S. Allcock 



During the Great War the hall was 

 used for the purposes of a military 

 hospital. 



Fishponds. Ecclesiastical dis- 

 trict within the county borough of 

 Bristol. In the N.E. of the city, it 

 has a station on the M.R. It is 

 divided into three ecclesiastical 

 districts, All Saints, S. John's, and 

 S. Mary's. See Bristol. 



Fish Residues. Fish offal suit- 

 able for manufacture hi to various 

 by-products. The main products 

 are fish meal, oils from the livers 

 of fish, and oil and manure from 

 the intestines. Fish meal is made 

 chiefly from the head and bones. 

 It is a valuable food for cattle 

 and pigs. Medicinal oil is princi- 

 pally the product of the livers of 

 the cod. Other oil used in com- 

 merce and industry, especially in 

 the process of tinning and in the 

 manufacture of soap, is extracted 

 from the livers and intestines of 

 various fish. Fish manure is a 

 valuable fertiliser, used particu- 

 larly in the growing of beet. 



The fish from which most of the 

 waste material is obtained con- 

 sist of herring, codfish, whiting, 

 and haddocks. A large amount 

 of herring waste is obtained from 

 the herrings prepared for curing, 

 in which usually the head, the 

 gills, and the viscera are rejected. 

 In making kippers from herrings 

 the gills and viscera are rejected. 

 From the codfish the liver is 

 always separated for the manu- 

 facture of cod-liver oil, the head, 

 gills, viscera, and the backbone 

 being used for by-products. 



The industry is extensive in the 

 U.S.A. and hi Norway, but is still 

 in its infancy in Great Britain, 

 where in many fishing ports there 

 is no provision for utilising the 

 waste, which is emptied into the 

 sea. Factories already exist, how- 

 ever, at Grimsby, Hull, Milford 

 Haven, Falkirk, Montrose, Fraser- 

 burgh, Wick, and Aberdeen. The 

 industry has received considerable 

 stimulus from the shortage of the 

 supplies of natural guano from 

 Peru. Two kinds of fish guano are 

 made, one from herring, the other 

 from white fish. The former con- 

 tains a large percentage of oil, 

 which has to be extracted in the 

 manufacture of guano, the pro- 

 duct from the oily residues being a 

 dark-coloured, soft fish guano. 

 The product from the white fish 

 is a dry, friable,* light-coloured, 

 more valuable guano. The value of 

 fish guano depends upon its ascer- 

 tained chemical analysis, the two 

 most valuable constituents being 

 phosphate of lime and nitrogen. 



Cod-liver oil comes from the 

 liver of that fish, the oil in white 

 fish being accumulated in the liver 



