FIViZZANO 



3 1 84 



FLACIUS 



Fives was very popular in the 

 early part of the 19th century, 

 when it was played in closed spaces, 

 especially built for the purpose, and 

 also in tennis courts. One of the 

 most famous of fives courts was in 

 St. Martin' s-in-the-Fields, and there 

 is an old print representing Fives 

 in the tennis court in Leicester 

 Fields, which gives some idea of 

 the game as then played. A 

 feature of the game was that the 

 ball was bounced on the ground, 

 and then struck with the hand for 

 the service. This has now en- 

 tirely disappeared. The ball in the 

 modern games is invariably thrown 

 up by one player and hit by one of 

 the adversaries. William Hazlitt's 

 obituary of John Cavanagh, the 

 Fives Player, which appeared in 

 The Examiner, is the best known 

 piece in the literature of the game. 



In modern days fives is played 

 chiefly in three forms of court, and 

 is mainly confined to the public 

 schools and universities. One form 

 is Eton Fives. The court, unique in 

 several features, which is now very 

 carefully constructed for this game, 

 originated from part of the chapel 

 at Eton against which the game 

 used to be played. A buttress and 

 some of the chapel steps gave rise 

 to the present hazards in the court 

 which afford so much interest and 

 variety to the game. The court has 

 three walls, and up to a few years 

 ago all courts were uncovered. 

 Now there are a few courts which 

 are covered by a pent-house roof. 

 The game is played by four players, 

 and demands the highest skill and 

 quickness of movement. It is also 

 possible, but not usual, to play a 

 single. The rules of the game for 

 many years existed in oral tradition 

 only, but were eventually codified. 



A Rugby fives court, called after 

 the school of that name, is a four- 

 walled building covered with a roof. 

 The walls are all plain, except that 

 on the front wall there is a ledge 

 or board, above which the ball 

 must be struck to be in play. 

 The game is played at the majority 

 of the public schools. The rules 

 were revised and brought up to 

 date in 1913, and are printed in the 

 Tennis Rackets and Fives Associa- 

 tion's Handbook. 



Winchester fives is practically 

 similar to the Rugby game, except 

 that in the left-hand side wall of 

 the court there is a projecting 

 buttress which forms a hazard. 

 Courts of this kind exist only in 

 one or two places outside Win- 

 chester. Both the Rugby and 

 Winchester games can be played 

 either by one or two players a side. 

 The service is given by one player 

 throwing the ball on to the wall. 

 His adversary can refuse any 



service, but if he does not refuse 

 it, he must hit the ball on to the 

 right-hand side wall, and then on 

 to the front wall above the ledge 

 or line. The rally then proceeds in 

 the ordinary way, i.e. the ball is 

 returned on the volley or the first 

 round above the line. The player 

 who first fails to do this loses the 

 rally, and either yields the service 

 to another player or loses a point. 

 A game consists of 15 points. 



The ball used in fives is made like 

 a racket ball. The foundation is of 

 cloth, bound tightly round with 

 twine and covered with white kid. 

 The weight of the ball in Eton 

 fives is l| oz., and in Rugby 1| oz. 



E. B. Noel 



Bibliography. T e n n is, Lawn 

 Tennis, Rackets and Fives, J. M. 

 Heathcote and others, 4th ed. 1897 ; 

 Tennis, Rackets and Fives, J. A. A. 

 Tait, 1890. 



Fivizzano. Town of Italy, in 

 the prov. of Massa e Carrara. It 

 stands among the Apuan Alps, at 

 an elevation of 1,045 ft., 20 m. 

 N.N.E. of Spezia. It is surrounded 

 by medieval walls, and has castle 

 ruins and other antiquities. In the 

 vicinity are noted quarries of 

 Carrara marble. An earthquake 

 in Sept., 1920, caused widespread 

 havoc. Pop. 17,250. 



Fixture (Lat. figere, to fix). 

 Term used in English law for a 

 thing of a chattel nature which is 

 affixed to the freehold, so as to be- 

 come part of it, and, therefore, to 

 become realty and not personalty. 

 Sometimes these things can be re- 

 moved again by the people who put 

 them there, so that they become 

 personal property again, and some- 

 times not. Practically, questions 

 about fixtures become important 

 as between landlord and tenant, 

 between the heir and the personal 

 representative of a deceased, and 

 between the representative of the 

 owner of a particular estate, e.g. a 

 tenant for life, and the ultimate 

 owner. In the last two cases, the 

 personal representative is en- 

 titled to claim only such articles 

 as were put up for domestic use, 

 ornament, or trade use, provided 

 that they are easily removable. 



As between landlord and tenant 

 the right of removal is stronger. 

 A tenant is entitled to remove all 

 fixtures put up by him for orna- 

 ment or convenience which can be 

 removed without much damage 

 to the premises, e.g. marble mantel- 

 pieces, pier-glasses, tapestry, grates, 

 etc., or cupboards fixed in the hold- 

 fasts. In the case of trade fixtures, 

 the tenant may remove them, un- 

 less in so doing he causes serious 

 damage to the property. Similarly 

 agricultural fixtures can always 

 be removed, but the tenant must 

 make good any damage he does. 



A tenant must remove his fix- 

 tures before his tenancy ex- 

 pires he cannot go back after- 

 wards and take them away. If he 

 leaves them behind he has no 

 claim to them, or to compensation 

 for them, as many people suppose ; 

 nor can he demand that a succeed- 

 ing tenant shall pay for them. 

 They are the landlord's property 

 See Landlord ; Tenant. 



Fizeau's Experiment. Well- 

 known experiment first used by 

 A. H. L. Fizeau for the determination 

 of the velocity of light. The ap- 

 paratus used consisted of a toothed 

 wheel, which was made to revolve 

 at a definite speed. The teeth of 

 the wheel cut off the view from a 

 distant light when a certain speed 

 was reached, and enabled calcula- 

 tions to be made of the time taken 

 for the light to travel from its 

 source to a mirror and back again. 

 See Light. 



Flaccus . Name of a well known 

 Roman family, the following mem- 

 bers of which deserve mention: 

 (1) Quintus Fulvius Flaccus, 

 Roman general in the second Punic 

 War. Together with his col- 

 league, Appius Claudius Pulcher, 

 he captured Capua in 212. (2) 

 Marcus Fulvius, one of the com- 

 missioners appointed to carry out 

 the agrarian measures of Tiberius 

 Gracchus, who met his death, with 

 Gaius Gracchus, in 121. (3) Marcus 

 Verrius, a grammarian in the reign 

 of Augustus, the author of a work 

 on the Meaning of Words, abridged 

 by Festus (q.v. ). The poets Horace 

 and Valerius also belonged to the 

 family. See Horace ; Valerius. 



Flacius OR VLACICH, MATTHIAS 

 (1520-75). Lutheran divine. Born 

 at Albona, Illyria, March 3, 1520, 

 he studied lan- 

 guages in Ven- 

 ice, and theo- 

 logy at Basel, 

 Augsburg, and 

 Wittenberg, 

 where he came 

 under the in- 

 fluence of Lu- 

 ther and Me- 

 lanchthon, and 

 was appointed 

 professor of Hebrew in 1554. 

 Henceforth he was involved in a 

 series of controversies, siding with 

 Luther against Melanchthon. He 

 settled in turn at Magdeburg, Jena, 

 where he was professor of theology, 

 Ratisbon, Antwerp, Strasbourg, 

 and Frankfort-on-the-Main, where 

 he died in poverty, March 11, 1575. 

 One of the charges against 

 Flacius was that of Manichaeism, 

 based on his statement that sin 

 was inherent in human nature from 

 the Fall. The work in which this 

 appeared, Clavis Scripturae Sacrae 



Matthias Flacius, 

 Lutheran divine 



