FLOGGING 



3206 



FLOOR 



Branston. Along it tuns the road 

 to Scotland, and near is the Till, 

 flowing to join the Tweed. 



Suddenly renewing the war 

 with England, James IV crossed 

 the border on Aug. 22 with a large 

 army and besieged Nor ham Castle. 

 Surrey collected an army and 

 marched N., for Henry VIII was 

 fighting in France, learning on the 

 way that Norham and other castles 

 had fallen to the invader. On 

 Sept. 7 the two forces were only a 

 few miles from each other. Surrey, 

 by a circuitous march, placed his 

 vanguard between the enemy and 

 their line of retreat. The rest of 

 the army moved on an interior 

 line, and on the afternoon of the 

 9th were ascending the ridge where- 

 on the Scots stood but from the 

 N., not from the S. 



Seeing the enemy, James led his 

 men down the ridge to meet them, 

 and the battle was joined at once. 

 Gradually the English gained the 

 upper hand, and the Scots on the 

 wings were soon in flight. On both 

 sides the centre, picked soldiers 

 under James and Surrey respec- 

 tively, stood to fight it out. It 

 was an unequal duel, for other 

 bodies of English closed round the 

 Scots, who were charged by horse- 

 men from the rear, and when their 

 king was killed they had definitely 

 lost the battle. 



The losses of the Scots have 

 been placed at 11,000 out of 40,000 

 engaged, but both figures are too 

 high. Certain it is that they lost 

 heavily, especially among the 

 nobles, who fought to the last 

 around the king, and it is this that 

 made the day so sad to Scottish 

 memories. The English losses were 

 perhaps 1,000. The best known 

 reference in song is the descrip- 

 tion in Marmion. A monument 

 marks the spot where James is 

 supposed to have been killed. 



Flogging. A punishment for 

 crime. It is only applicable in 

 English law (a) to young male 

 offenders, by birching ; (b) to 



persons convicted of stealing from 

 the person with violence ; and (c) 

 to certain male offenders under the 

 Criminal Law Amendment Act, 

 1912, i.e. men who live on the 

 immoral earnings of women or who 

 procure girls for immoral purposes. 



Flong. Technical name for the 

 matrices of prepared paper used in 

 stereotyping. See Autoplate ; Mul- 

 tiplate ; Printing ; Stereotyping. 



Flood. Submersion of land by 

 overflow of water. After extra 

 heavy or prolonged rainfall, or in 

 spring and summer, when snow 

 and ice fields melt, great quan- 

 tities of surface water drain 

 directly into rivers. The banks 

 cannot contain all the water, 

 which, overflowing, submerges the 

 low-lying parts of the valley. 

 Many parts of the world have 

 clearly marked wet and dry sea- 

 sons. In such places heavy rains 

 during the wet season cause floods, 

 while the same rivers during the 

 dry season are merely dry courses 

 containing small lakes in the 

 deepest parts of the bed. 



Egypt is aptly called " the 

 Gift of the Nile," for in that land 

 occurs the phenomenon of ex- 

 tensive floods in a land of little 

 or no rainfall. The Nile rises in 

 great lakes, situated in a region 

 where rain falls at all seasons, thus 

 ensuring a steady current of water. 

 But tributaries like the Sobat, 

 Blue Nile, and Atbara have their 

 sources in regions of heavy sum- 

 mer rainfall, and the summer 

 water they bring down causes floods 

 along the lower course of the 

 main stream. But for these flood 

 waters Egypt would be a desert. 



The character of the soil may also 

 aid floods. Large areas of N. 

 England and Scotland are com- 

 posed of hard or impervious rocks, 

 from which the water is rapidly 

 drained into the rivers, so that the 

 latter are quickly in flood during 

 heavy rains and very low during 

 dry weather. Where limestone or 

 other perviou? rooks are found. 



rain sinks into the ground and 

 the rivers maintain a steady flow 

 even in dry weather. 



The most disastrous floods of 

 recent years were experienced in 

 the basin of the Mississippi river, 

 but especially in the basin of the 

 Ohio, in March, 1913. See Deluge. 

 Flood, HENRY (1732-91). Irish 

 statesman and orator. Educated 

 at Trinity College, Dublin, and 

 Christ Church, Oxford, he entered 

 the Irish House of Commons in 

 1759 as member for Kilkenny. His 

 closely reasoned oratory and his 

 mastery of parliamentary tactics 

 made him leader of the national 

 party, and in 1775 he was made a 

 privy councillor and vice -treasurer 

 of Ireland. His opposition to 

 Henry Grattan (q.v.) on the " simple 

 repeal " ques- 

 tion led to 

 their famous 

 quarrel, Flood 

 urging the re- 

 nunciation by 

 England of all 

 claims to in- 

 fluence Irish 

 legislation. In 

 1783 Flood was 

 returned to the 

 British House 

 of Commons as one of the members 

 for Winchester. HediedDec. 2, 1791. 

 Floor. The lower horizontal 

 surface in the interior of a building 

 or part of a building. A floor is 

 constructed either in a solid mass 

 of some material such as concrete, 

 or of assembled pieces such as 

 boards or blocks of wood called 

 parquet, or by the combination 

 of both. A double floor is one 

 in which large principal joists, 

 called binders, carry the actual 

 floor joists above them, and the 

 joists of the ceiling below. Fire- 

 proof floors are composed of slabs 

 of concrete, reinforced with metal 

 rods or wires. Floors of tiles, stone, 

 etc., vised in the ground storey of 

 a building, are generally called 

 pavements. See Building ; House. 



Henry Flood, 

 Irish statesman 



After Comerford 



Flora Day. Dancing, or faddying, on Furry Day through the streets and gardens of Helston, Cornwall. An ancient 

 ceremony performed every year in the month of May 



