FOGARAS 



3224 



Fog Signal. Left to right: explosive cap with flanges folded, as kept in 

 store; flanges opened for adjustment to rail ; cap attached to rail 



The most powerful contrivances 

 are trumpets 22 ft. long at St. 

 Catherine's Point attached to 

 compressed-air sirens. - These 

 usually comprise two slotted disks 

 or cylinders. In Canada single - 

 cylinder diaphones have slots alter- 

 nately covered and uncovered by 

 piston -strokes. Mushroom trum- 

 pets, as on the Caskets, distribute 

 sound all round the horizon. The 

 siren at Platt Fougere, Guernsey, 

 has been heard 33 m. away. Sound- 

 direction is attempted in America 

 by megaphones rotating singly, or 

 by eight megaphones fixed radially, 

 short and long blasts of Morse- 

 signal type being sounded accord- 

 ing to the compass direction. Topo- 

 phones are double-trumpet re- 

 ceivers with ear-pieces, for direc- 

 tion-finding. 



Under certain atmospheric con- 

 ditions soundless zones are inter- 

 posed between near and distant 

 audible zones. Hence the utility of 

 submarine bells, placed on sea- 

 floors, buoys, and light-vessels, and 

 audible to ships fitted with ears 

 having a 10 m. range, and con- 

 nected with telephone receivers on 

 the bridge. In Oct., 1920, it was de- 

 cided to lay down in French ports 

 submarine cables emitting during 

 fog musical sounds audible through 

 similar telephone receivers. In 

 1910 the United Kingdom had 

 308 coast-signals ; Canada, 216 ; 

 France, 48 ; U.S.A., 407. 



As to aircraft, aviation sound - 

 signalling is in its infancy. Owing 

 to the dominating noise of the pro- 

 pellers, bells, horns, and whistles 

 are practically ineffective. Air- 

 ships at rest, when hearing the pro- 

 pellers of an invisible neighbour, 

 sometimes fire pistol-shots. Under 

 suitable conditions aircraft and 

 aerodromes use Very lights and 

 directional wireless to facilitate 

 landing in fog. The crashing of an 

 American dirigible against a Cali- 

 fornian mountain-peak in fog on 

 Sept. 30, 1920, shows that com- 

 plete immunity from f6g perils is 

 unattainable by external signalling 

 alone. See Foghorn ; Siren. 



Fogaras. Former county of 

 Austria-Hungary, in Transylvania, 

 now belonging to Rumania. It is 

 traversed by the Fogaras Mts., 

 which constitute part of the Tran- 

 sylvanian Alps, the loftiest peak 

 being Szkara, which reaches an alt. 

 of 7,570 ft. The capital is Fogaras. 

 Fogaras. Town of Rumania, in 

 Transylvania, formerly in Austria- 

 Hungary. It is on the river Aluta, 

 55 m. E. of Hermannstadt, and 

 N.W. of Kronstadt (Brasso), and 

 is the capital of the county of 

 Fogaras. Taken by the Rumanians 

 in their campaign against Austria, 

 Sept., 1916, it was evacuated by 

 them Oct. 45, when the Rumanian 

 second army retreated towards 

 Kronstadt, yielding up the Fogaras- 

 Vladeni sector. See Rumania, 

 Conquest of. 



Fogazzaro, ANTONIO (1842- 

 1911). Italian poet and novelist. 

 He was born at Vicenza, March 25, 

 1842. His first 

 poems, 1863, 

 were followed 

 by a poetic 

 romance, Mir- 

 anda, 1874, 

 and a volume 

 of lyrics, Val- 

 s o 1 d a, 1876, 

 which estab- 

 1 ished his repu- 

 tat ion as a 

 poet. These 

 were succeeded 

 by the stories, Malombra, 1882, and 

 Daniele Cortis, 1885. In 1888 came 

 his first considerable success, the 

 idyllic Mistero del Poeta ; then the 

 notable trilogy, Piccolo Mondo 

 Antico, 1895 ; Piccolo Mondo Mo- 

 derno, 1901 ; and II Santo (The 

 Saint), 1906 ; the last of which, his 

 most famous work, was translated 

 intj most European languages. A 

 staunch Roman Catholic, Fogaz- 

 zaro sought to reconcile the theory 

 of evolution with the teaching of 

 his church ; he has been described 

 as Italy's modern poet of hope and 

 faith. He died March 7, 1911. See 

 Study (in French) by L. Gonnari, 

 2nd ed. Paris.. 1918. 



FOGHORN 



Fog-bow. White-coloured rain- 

 bow sometimes seen in a thick fog. 

 It is due to the extreme smallness 

 of the floating drops of water 

 which constitute the fog. 



Fog Crystal. Phenomenon ob- 

 servable during fog and frost. Fog 

 crystals are usually formed by par- 

 ticles of ice on surfaces in a fog, in 

 frosty weather, as the fog is driven 

 over those surfaces. These crystals, 

 most common in hilly districts, are 

 feathery in appearance, often reach 

 several feet in thickness, and form 

 with great rapidity in favour- 

 able conditions. See Frost ; Snow 

 Crystal. 



Foggia. Prov. of S.E. Italy, 

 formerly known as Capitanata. 

 Bounded N. and E. by the 

 Adriatic Sea, it has an area of 

 2,683 sq. m. Mountainous in the 

 N.E. and W., the central part is 

 occupied by the fertile plain of 

 Apulia. The coast is low and flat, 

 and the climate hot and dry. 

 There are numerous rivers, the 

 chief of which is the Candelaro, 

 with many tributaries. The lakes 

 of Lesina and Varano lie in the N. 

 of the prov., and the Lake di Salpi 

 in the S.E. The highest point is 

 Monte Calvo, which has an eleva- 

 tion of 3,460 ft. Vast flocks of 

 sheep are pastured on the plain. 

 Pop. 484,557. Pron. Foj-ja. 



Foggia. City of Italy, capital 

 of the prov. of Foggia. It stands in 

 the centre of the Apulian plain, 78 

 m. E.N.E. of Naples, and 20 m. W. 

 of Manfredonia, a junction of the 

 coast rly. and the lines to Bene- 

 vento and Potenza. The 12th cen- 

 tury Gothic cathedral was partly 

 destroyed by an earthquake in 

 1731, and rebuilt. An important 

 fair is held every May for the sale 

 of sheep, wool, corn, capers, and 

 cheese. 



An ancient city, Foggia was a 

 favourite residence of the emperor 

 Frederick II, whose English wife, 

 the daughter of King John, died 

 here. Three miles N. of the city 

 are traces of the ancient town of 

 Arpi, or Argyripa, reputed to have 

 been founded by the great hero, 

 Diomedes. Pop. 79,213. 



Foghorn. Instrument carried 

 by ships to indicate their presence 

 to other vessels during a fog at sea. 

 Foghorns differ in shape. A com- 

 mon type looks like a chimney 

 cowl. Board of Trade regulations 

 require sailing vessels under way, 

 and vessels towed, to sound fog- 

 horns at one-minute intervals. 

 They may be operated by mouth, 

 hand, or mechanical power, and 

 make a raucous sound in monotone, 

 of uniform or varying intensity. 

 ... The types designed for shore use 

 are especially employed for port 

 and harbour signals. The note is 



