FOLIO 



3227 



FOLKLORE 



cathedral, which has been modern- 

 ised, several old palaces, and a pic- 

 ture gallery. There is trade in 

 paper, leather, parchment, silk, 

 and soap. An ancient city, it 

 became a place of considerable im- 

 portance, but was razed to the 

 ground in the wars of the 13th cen- 

 tury. Rebuilt, it was greatly dam- 

 aged by earthquakes in 1831 and 

 1832. Pop. 28,373. 



Folio (Lat. folium, leaf). In 

 bibliography, a book of the largest 

 size, the sheets of which are folded 

 once into two leaves, making four 

 pages. For convenience in binding, 

 two or more sheets are inserted into 

 each other. In all but modern 

 books the watermark of the paper 

 is seen in the centre of the page if 

 the work is a folio ; if in the middle 

 of the inner margin, divided by the 

 fold at the back of the book, with 

 the chain lines horizontal, the book 

 is a quarto (q.v.). 



The word folio is applied to the 

 numerical mark on each page of a 

 printed work or each leaf of MS. 

 It is used to indicate the number of 

 words in a page of law writing, or 

 report of parliamentary proceed- 

 ings, to a case for holding music, 

 and, in book-keeping, to the two 

 facing pages of a ledger or 

 account book containing respec- 

 tively the creditor and debtor 

 accounts. In 16th century English 

 the word was used to mean "on 

 a large scale." See Book ; Paper. 

 Sizes of. 



Folkestone. Mun. bor., water- 

 ing-place, and market town of Kent. 

 It stands on the English Channel 

 71 m. S.E. of 

 London by the 

 S.E. &C.R. For 

 visitors the at- 

 tractions include 

 the Leas a fine 

 promenade on the 

 top of the W. 

 cliff, command- 

 ing a splendid 



there are tennis courts, golf links and 

 a racecourse. The bathingis good. 

 Between Folkestone and Dover is 

 a large open space called the War- 

 ren, an extensive landslide, in which 

 numerous fossils are found. In 1920 

 this, with the east cliff, was given 

 to the town by the earl of Radnor. 



Folkestone consists of an old 

 town in a valley, now the fishing 

 and shipping quarter, and a newer 

 town on the hills around, where 

 are spacious roads and buildings. 

 The chief church is dedicated to 

 S. Mary and S. Eanswith ; it is an 

 Early English building, with a fine 

 tower, much restored. There are also 

 modern churches and several fine 

 hotels. The town has a 17th cen- 

 tury grammar school, a technical 

 school, a public library and mu- 

 seum, hospitals, etc. Many schools 

 are located here. As a seaport 

 Folkestone has been much improved 

 during the 20th century, both har- 

 bour and pier having been enlarged. 

 It is one of the chief ports for 

 the service to France and Holland, 

 there being a regular connexion 

 with Boulogne and Flushing. The 

 herring and mackerel fisheries are 

 important. 



During the Great War it was a 



tt suffered from air raids, the most 

 serious being one by 17 aeroplanes 



FOLKLORE 



on May 26, 1917. Folkestone was 

 in existence before the Norman 

 Conquest. It became, and still 

 is. a member of the Cinque port of 

 Dover, and was early a corporate 

 town. There was a monastery here 

 from about 1095 until the time of 

 Henry VIII, and also a castle. It 

 is now governed by a mayor and 

 corporation. The council still de- 

 rives a considerable income from 

 the coal dues collected in the port. 

 There are memorials to William 

 Harvey, who was born here, and 

 in the neighbourhood is Shorn- 

 cliffe camp. Much of the land be- 

 longs to the earl of Radnor, whose 

 eldest son is called Viscount Folke- 

 stone. Pop. (1021) 37,571. 



Folkland. Name given in Eng- 

 land in Anglo-Saxon times to the 

 land that was held by folk or com- 

 mon right and subject to certain 

 established burdens. Until 1893 

 the prevailing idea was that it was 

 the common land of the nation, as 

 opposed to bocland, which was in 

 the nature of private property ; 

 but in that year Prof. Vinogradoff 

 established the modem theory. 

 This assumed that practically all 

 the land of the country was folk- 

 land, although the king could by 

 grant convert it into bocland. See 

 Domesday Book and Beyond, F. 

 W. Maitland, 1897. 



Folkestone arms 



view of the sea pleasure gardens, 

 a theatre, and a pier. Radnor Park 

 is a public pleasure ground, and 



Folkestone. 



ITS ORIGINS AND STUDY 



E. S. Hartland, Autbor of The Science of Fairy Tales 



There are in this work articles on the various characters in folklore, 



among them Cinderella ; Fairy ; Genie ; Roc ; Valkyrie ; Witch. 



See also Legend ; Mythology 



those of modern savages ; resemble 

 them in particular in the one essen- 

 tialf eature that they are traditional ; 

 and may reasonably be supposed to 

 be ultimately derived from a social 

 condition represented by many 

 tribes who are still living in a low 

 state of culture. 



Accordingly in the second edition 

 of The Handbook of Folk Lore,issued 

 by the society in 1914, the definition 

 adopted for the term folklore was 

 " the generic term under which the 

 traditional beliefs, customs, stories, 

 songs and sayings current among 

 backward peoples, or retained by 

 the uncultured classes of more ad- 

 vanced peoples, are comprehended 

 and included." The same term is 

 used for the scientific study of these 

 objects ; and folklore as a science 

 may be more succinctly and exactly 

 defined as the study of tradition. 



To quote the handbook again : 

 " Folklore is the expression of the 

 psychology of early man, whether 

 in the fields of philosophy, religion, 

 science and medicine, in social 

 organization and ceremonial, or 

 in the more strictly intellectual 

 regions of history, poetry and other 



The term folklore was suggested 

 by W. J. Thorns, the antiquary, in 

 1 846, to replace the more cumbrous 

 title of popular antiquities, hitherto 

 employed for the traditional tales, 

 songs and sayings, customs and 

 superstitions of the peasantry. 

 On the foundation in 1878 of The 

 Folk-Lore Society, it was adopted 

 and incorporated into the name 

 of the society. But researches and 

 inquiries have since compelled a 

 broader view. All the evidence 

 went to show that 

 the traditional 

 customs and in- 

 stitutions, songs, 

 tales, and amuse- 

 in e n t s, beliefs, 

 leechcraft, and so 

 forth of the 

 peasantry in civil- 

 ized countries are 

 survivals of an 

 indefinite past, 

 and for the nrost 

 part bear the mi- 

 press of a far 

 ruder age ; they 

 present innumer- 

 The Leas, looking westward able analogies to 



