FORELAND 



foreign newspapers, periodicals, 

 and news agencies, living in the 

 United Kingdom. 



Foreland, NORTH AND SOUTH. 

 Two chalk headlands on the coast 

 of Kent, England. The North 

 Foreland, about 2 m. S.E. of 

 Margate, is theCantium of Ptolemy, 

 and has a lighthouse 188 ft. above 

 sea level, with a light visible at 

 20 m. The South Foreland, 3 m. 

 N.E. of Dover, has two light- 

 houses respectively 375 ft. and 

 275 ft. above sea level, and visible 

 at 26 m. and 23 m. 



Foreman. First or chief man. 

 The word has two main senses. It 

 means the one who speaks for his 

 colleagues, the foreman of a jury. 

 It is also used in industrial life for 

 oue who supervises constantly and 

 in person the work of others. In 

 factories, works, and building 

 operations the workers are con- 

 trolled by foremen. 



Foreshore. Part of a beach or 

 seashore which lies between the 

 extreme limits of high and low 

 water marks, i.e. is covered at high 

 tide and uncovered at low tide. 

 The extent of the foreshore depends 

 partly upon the slope of the ground 

 and partly upon the height of the 

 tides. The boundary has been 

 fixed, by a decision of English law, 

 as the mean between the high and 

 the low water mark. Foreshore is 

 vested in the crown. See Coast. 



Foreshortening. Technical 

 term in perspective drawing. An 

 object is represented as diminish- 

 ing in extent according to the 

 angle from which it is viewed, 

 while at the same time its real 

 length must be adequately sug- 

 gested. Thus, in a portrait, an arm 

 represented as pointing at full 

 length directly towards the on- 

 looker occupies less space than it 

 would fill were it shown as point- 

 ing to one side ; yet the perspective 

 must be so managed as clearly to 

 indicate that the length of the 

 arm is the same. Faulty drawing 

 might suggest an outstretched 

 hand without proper support, or 

 there might be some other defect. 

 See Drawing. ^ '; 



Forest. Term originally applied 

 to a royal demesne set apart for 

 the preservation of beasts of the 

 chase and to afford the sovereign 

 facilities for hunting. Not neces- 

 sarily wooded or uncultivated, it 

 was frequently so called only 

 because forest law was applied to 

 it. The word forest (late Lat. 

 foresta), ultimately derived from 

 Lat. foris (out-of-doors), in modern 

 times came to be more particularly 

 associated with such uncultivated 

 tracts as were thickly wooded. 

 Even yet in Scotland the term 

 deer-forest is used to describe an 



3249 



cial value, are now 

 used for the 

 manufacture o i 

 wood-pulp for 

 paper-making. In 

 Nova Scotia and 

 British Columbia 

 especially, the 

 lumber industry 

 constitutes the 

 taple of wealth, 

 although in the 



extensive region 

 quite devoid of 

 timber. A forest 

 consisted of vert 

 and venison. The 

 former comprised 

 the high wood, 

 underwood, and 

 turf ; the latter 

 the beasts of the 

 forest, chase, and 

 warren. 



The most ex- 

 tensive forest 

 areas in the 

 British Empire, and, indeed, in 

 the world, are those of Canada, 

 which cover between 500 and 600 

 million acres, about one-half of 

 which are planted with commercial 

 timber. Extensive reserves for the 

 permanent supply of timber have 

 been created by the Dominion 



Foreland. The lighthouses. Above, that of the South 

 Foreland; below, of the North Foreland 



former colony a rather rigorous 

 protective policy has been in 

 vogue for some years. Still, spruce 

 deals are exported and the manu- 

 facture of wood-pulp is carried on. 

 British Columbia, on the other 

 hand, with its 15,000,000 acres of 

 marketable timber, possesses an 



Parliament since 1887, and those almost inexhaustible quantity of 

 provincial governments which have paper-making woods, especially 

 forestry iurisc" 



forestry jurisdiction have adopted 

 a similar policy, with the result 

 that the total forestry reserves of 

 Canada have increased from 

 7,413,760 in 1901 to 152,833,955 

 acres in 1918. Certain depleted 

 areas have also been re-afforested. 

 In Ontario spruce and other trees, 

 which had previously no commer- 



Foreshortening. Example of fore- 

 shortening of an arm, from a re- 

 cruiting poster issued during the 

 Great War 



Courtesy of London Opinion 



Douglas fir, yellow cedar, white 

 pine, and arbor vitae. 



British Guiana, perhaps, pos- 

 sesses the rarest and most exten- 

 sive variety of timbers. Its forests 

 are estimated to cover 78,500 sq.m. 

 of country, but at present the 

 workable area is confined to 11,000 

 sq. m. situated in the more access- 

 ible parts extending from the sea- 

 coast to where the large rivers are 

 broken by rapids and falls which 

 do not permit of the water-carriage 

 of timber. The woods chiefly 

 grown are mangrove, courida, 

 kakaralli, wallaba, bullet tree, 

 crabwood and hard-wood such as 

 purple-heart, locust and suradanni, 

 most of which are used in the 

 manufacture of furniture. 



Forests occupy a very small 

 portion of the Union of South 

 Africa. The largest are those in the 

 Knysna and Humansdorp districts 

 of the Cape, on the southern slopes 

 of the Outeniqua, Longkloof, and 

 Zitzikamma mountains. 



In N. America the northern 

 forests of Maine are remarkable 

 for density and volume of growth, 

 maple, birch, beech, and pine pre- 

 dominating. The forests of the 



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