FORLI 



3257 



FORMAN 



and connected by a cross-bar, so 

 as to prevent the forked-up stuff 

 from falling off again. 



Forli. Prov. of N.E. Italy. 

 Bounded E. by the Adriatic Sea 

 and N. by the prov. of Ravenna, 

 its area is 730 sq. m. The surface is 

 flat and low-lying, and the soil fer- 

 tile. The chief products are wine, 

 grain, silk, and sulphur. Pop. 

 316,420. Prow. For-lee. 



Forli. City of Italy, the ancient 

 Forum Livii. The capital of the 

 prov. of Forli, it stands in a fertile 

 plain, intersected by the rivers 

 Montone and Ronco, 40 m. by rly. 

 S.E. of Bologna by the main line 

 from Bologna to Brindisi. A walled 

 town, it contains a cathedral (re- 

 built), a citadel, 1361, utilised as a 

 jail, a lyceum, technical insti- 

 tute, a municipal art gallery, a 

 town hall, a good library, and a 

 hospital. The churches contain 

 pictures and frescoes by local mas- 

 ters. A thriving trade is carried 

 on in cattle, cereals, wine, silk, and 

 hemp, while the manufactures in- 

 clude furniture, earthenware, ma- 

 chinery, head gear, shoes, and silk 

 goods. Founded about 200 B.C., 

 in the Middle Ages it was part of 

 the exarchate of Ravenna. It ex- 

 perienced many vicissitudes dur- 

 ing the quarrels of the Guelphs and 

 the Ghibellines, and fell to the 

 papacy in 1504. Pop. 48,943. 



Forlorn Hope (A.S. fore-lioran, 

 to send forward, hauife, a troop). 

 Military expression once signifying 

 troops sent forward. The implica- 

 tion that they are to carry out a 

 specially dangerous enterprise is a 

 comparatively modern use of the 

 expression. The French, Dutch, 

 and German equivalents are 

 enfants perdus, lost children, ver- 

 loren hoop, lost troop, and verlorner 

 Posten, lost post. In hunting 

 phraseology, a hound that follows 

 the chase in front of the rest of the 

 pack is referred to as a forlorn or 

 forloyne hound. In ordinary lan- 

 guage forlorn hope is used of any 

 hopeless undertaking, hope being 

 erroneously identified with hope 

 meaning expectation, a word of an 

 entirely different etymology. 



Form (Lat. forma). Word liter- 

 ally meaning shape. It denotes the 

 manner in which the matter or 

 parts of a whole are combined. 

 Thus, a table or a chair may be 

 made of pieces of wood, but the 

 form of a table differs from that of 

 a chair in the arrangement of the 

 materials. ' Aristotle lays down 

 four causes or principles of being 

 the material, the formal, the 

 efficient, and the final. The three 

 last-named on examination will be 

 found to run into one another, leav- 

 ing only the opposition of Form 

 and Matter. Matter is possibility 



or potentiality (dynamis) which 

 becomes actuality (energeia) by its 

 conversion from indeterminateness 

 into something definite. As an 

 adaptation of the Platonic idea, 

 form is the realization of the ideal, 

 e.g. of a perfect table, that the 

 carpenter has in mind. See Matter. 



Form. In music, the plan of 

 construction, or the arrangement 

 of phrases, sections, and move- 

 ments. There is no limit to the 

 possible varieties of musical form, 

 but a few outstanding classes may 

 be named. Binary form has two 

 main divisions, as exemplified in 

 the old air Barbara Allen ; ternary 

 form has three divisions, ^s in 

 Charlie is My Darling. From these 

 two germs most of the larger 

 specific forms have been evolved, 

 such as the rondo, the sonata, and 

 all their derivatives. The fugue is 

 essentially a contrapuntal move- 

 ment of continuity, but it has an 

 underlying basis of sectional form. 



Many compositions bearing other 

 generic names are also referable to 

 these forms ; e.g. many songs and 

 short instrumental pieces are in 

 simple ternary form, called also 

 primary, song, or lied form ; many 

 marches are in rondo form ; the 

 minuet and trio, in a suite, or so- 

 nata symphony, are each in either 

 binary or ternary forms, while to- 

 gether, with the recapitulation of 

 the minuet, they constitute a 

 larger ternary form. See Minuet ; 

 Suite ; Symphony ; Trio. 



Formalin OB FORMALDEHYDE 

 (HCOH). Pungent gaseous com- 

 pound first prepared in 1867 by 

 Hof mann by passing methyl alcohol 

 vapour and air over a heated 

 platinum spiral. A 40 p.c. solution 

 of formaldehyde is known as for- 

 malin, and is the form in which 

 the gas is obtainable in commerce. 

 A current of air drawn by an 

 aspirator is passed over methyl 

 alcohol and in contact with copper 

 gauze, formaldehyde being formed. 

 The gas is made to pass through 

 a series of receivers containing 

 water, until the water is saturated 

 with the gas. Formalin is em- 

 ployed as a preservative and anti- 

 septic. Combined with ammonia, 

 formaldehyde yields hexa-methy- 

 lene-tetramine, which, under the 

 name of urotropine, is extensively 

 used in medicine as an internal 

 antiseptic. 



Formalin is a powerful caustic ; 

 when mixed with ten times its 

 volume of water it may be used 

 for removing corns. A 30 p.c. 

 solution may be employed for the 

 treatment of ringworm of the scalp, 

 and a solution of 1 in 500 may be 

 used as a mouth -wash. Formalin is 

 not much used in surgery as an 

 antiseptic, as it tends to retard 



healing. It is a powerful disinfect- 

 ant and has the advantage that it 

 does not injure coloured fabrics. 



Formalism. In philosophy, the 

 tendency to consider mere form or 

 externalities as the only valuable 

 part of anything. Thus, the adher- 

 ence to cut-and-dried rules, like 

 those of formal logic, is formalism. 

 The same applies to the rules of 

 composition in sculpture or paint- 

 ing. The term is specially used of 

 strict adherence to religious forms 

 and dogmas characterised by the 

 . absence of a genuine religious feel- 

 Ing. Formulism is rather the 

 reduction of such forms and 

 dogmas to a written system. 



Forman, HAHRY BUXTON (1842- 

 1917). British author. Born in 

 London; he was from 1860 to 1907 

 in the Civil Service, rising to be 

 second secretary to the general 

 post office^jjflid controller of packet 

 services, iji addition to his Letters 

 of John K3Jats to Fanny Brawne, 

 1878, his Elizabeth Barrett Brown- 

 ing and Her Scarcer Books, 1896, 

 and his B4oks of William Morris, 

 1897, Forman edited the standard 

 edition, 1876-80, of Shelley's works. 

 He collected Trelawny's Letters, 

 1910, deciphered Shelley's Note 

 Books, 1911, and enlarged Med- 

 win's Life. His industry and dis- 

 crimination were of great value to 

 students of Shelley and his work. 

 He died June 15, 1917. 



Forman, SIMON (1552-1611). 

 English astrologer and quack 



doctor. Born 

 Hampshire, 

 Dec. 30, 1552, 

 and left desti- 

 tute as a boy, 

 he entered 

 Magdalen Col- 

 lege, Oxford, 

 as a poor 

 scholar, 1573. 

 After 



Quidhampton, 



s o m c 



Simon Forman, 

 English astrologer 



years experi- 

 ence as anusher 

 in small country schools he claimed 

 miraculous powers, and in 1580 

 professed to be able to curediseases. 

 He studied medicine and astrology 

 in Holland, and in 1583 started 

 practice in London, wrote treatises 

 on mathematics and medicine, and 

 began to seek the philosopher's 

 stone. Though frequently arrested 

 at the instance of the College of 

 Physicians and other authorities, 

 he worked among the poor in 

 plague-stricken areas and obtained 

 a large and far less honourable 

 practice among court ladies ; e.g. 

 his aid was sought by Lady Essex 

 to alienate the love of her husband 

 and influence the affection in her 

 favour of Somerset. 



Cambridge granted him a licence 

 to practise medicine in 1603. 



