3261 



FORT DUQUESNE 



e.g. Ticonderoga, have lost it. Some 

 rough shelter and protection was 

 thrown up, and the fort served as a 

 storehouse and rendezvous for the 

 traders, being also in cases of 

 attack a refuge for them. During 

 the war between England and 

 France the existing forts were 

 strengthened and new ones erected, 

 and many attacks made on them. 

 The modern sense of fort is rather 

 that of a part of a fortress. Thus 

 Verdun and Liege were defended 

 by rings of forts, each one having 

 a distinctive name. See Fortifica- 

 tion ; Fortress. 



Fort, PAUL (b. 1872). French 

 poet. Born at Reims, he early mi- 

 grated to Paris, where he founded 

 the Theatre des Arts, producing 

 modern plays, and becoming a 

 centre of the _jSymbolist poets. 

 Issuing his early ballads as pamph- 

 lets, he published his first volume 

 of Ballades frangaises in 1897, and 

 thenceforth produced one or more 

 volumes annually, maintaining a 

 remarkably high level. Pron. For. 



Though master of* varied lyric 

 metres, he printed each verse as 

 though it was a prose passage. His 

 later volumes include Chansons 

 pour me consoler d'etre heureux, 

 1913; Poemes de France, 1915; 

 Que j'ai de Plaisir d'etre franais, 

 1917 ; Chansons a la Gauloise, 

 1919 ; Les Enchanteurs, 1919 ; 

 Barbe Bleu, Jeanne d'Arc et Mes 

 Amours, 1919. See Six French 

 Poets, A. Lowell, 1915. 



Fortaleza. Seaport of Brazil, 

 capital of the state of Ceara. It 

 stands on an open bay, near the 

 mouth of the river Ceara, 350 m. 

 N.W. of Pernambuco, with an 

 anchorage two miles out. Although 

 the harbour has been much im- 

 proved in recent years, cargo has 

 to be taken off the vessels in the 

 roadstead and landed on the 

 beach in surf boats. There is 

 a trade in rubber, cotton, coffee, 

 animal products, sugar, and drugs. 

 Previous to 1823 it was called 

 Ceara. Pop. 70,000. 



Fort Augustus. Parish and 

 village of Inverness-shire, Scot- 

 land. It is finely situated at the 

 head of Loch Ness, on the Cale- 

 donian Canal, and is connected with 

 Spean Bridge, 24 m. S., by a branch 

 of the Highland Rly. The fort, built 

 originally in 1716 and enlarged in 

 1730, was taken by the Jacobites 

 in 1745, and recaptured a year 

 later by William Augustus, duke 

 of Cumberland, in whose honour it 

 was named. Purchased by Lord 

 Lovat in 1857, it was presented by 

 him, in 1876, to the Benedictines, 

 who transformed it into a monastery 

 with college, hospital, and scrip- 

 torium, which in 1882 was raised to 

 the rank of an abbey. 



Fort Beaufort. Town of Cape rly. N.N.W. of the city of Des 

 Province, S. Africa. It is on the Moines, it is served by the Chicago 

 Kat river, 63 m. by rly. W.N. W. of Great Western and other rlys. It 

 King William's Town, and is an contains Tobin College and other 

 important ostrich-farming centre, educational institutions, a public 

 Pop. 4,312. library, and several parks. In the 



Name given to neighbourhood gypsum, glass sand, 

 limestone, and coal are worked. 

 The city's charter dates from 1869. 

 Pop. 21,040. 



Fort Donelson, BATTLE OF. 

 Federal victory in the American 

 Civil War, Feb. , 1 862. Fort Donel- 

 son and Fort Henry, situated 12 m. 

 apart on the Kentucky-Tennessee 

 border, were the two most import- 

 ant defences of the West. Occupied 

 by the Confederates in 1861, 

 Grant immediately recognized the 

 necessity of capturing them, and 

 in Feb., 1862, succeeded in seizing 



Fort Chabrol. 



a house in the Rue de Chabrol, 

 Paris, which was the scene of a 

 remarkable siege in 1899. During 

 the trial of Alfred Dreyfus (q.v.), 

 Nationalists, Royalists, and Anti- 

 Semites sought the opportunity for 

 a rising, and Jules Guerin, an 

 Anti-Semite leader, with 20 armed 

 compatriots barricaded the Anti- 

 Semite club in the Rue de Chabrol, 

 and defied the authorities to 

 capture them. Each man had a 

 magazine rifle, revolver, and 300 

 rounds, and the house was pro 



vided with bullet-proof doors and Fort Henry, although most of its 



shutters. The siege became 

 farce. The French government 

 decided to reduce the garrison by 



defenders had escaped to Fort 

 Donelson. 



Moving against the latter with a 



starvation, and " Fort Chabrol " combined naval and military force, 



was surrounded by a battalion of 

 the Republican Guard. No one 

 but doctors, who attended the 

 garrison, were allowed to pass 

 down the street ; the water supply 

 was cut off, and sewermen blocked 



Grant received a serious check, and 

 on Feb. 15 the Confederates made 

 an attempt to retreat to Nashville, 

 but were stopped by Grant. The 

 following day Buckner, in com- 

 mand of the fortress, asked for an 



up the drains to prevent the armistice in which to settle terms 

 garrison digging their way out. of capitulation. Grant demanded 

 After 38 days the "fort" capitu- unconditional and immediate sur- 

 render, to which Buckner agreed. 

 This reply of the Federal general 

 and the play upon the initials of his 

 Christian names, U. S., gave him 

 the sobriquet of Unconditional 

 Surrender Grant. 

 Fort Duquesne. Eighteenth 



! fort" capitu- 

 lated without anyone being killed 

 or injured. 



Fort-de-France. Town of Mar- 

 tinique, French W. Indies, form- 

 erly known as Fort Royal. On the 

 W. coast, 15 m. S.E. of St. Pierre, it 

 is the capital and chief commercial 



of the Monongahela and Alle- 

 gheny rivers. During the French 



centre of the colony. Its commo- century stronghold at the junction 



dious harbour is fortified, and it - 

 has an arsenal, a college, a library, 



and several hospitals. It is the seat and English disputes about the 



of the governor-general of the sovereignty of the land W. of the 



French West Indies. In the chief Alleghenies, George Washington 



square there is a statue of the recommended the spot as a suitable 



Empress Josephine. In Aug., 1891, site for a fort, and in 1754 the 



the town was laid in ruins by a 

 cyclone. Pop. 26,399. 



Fort Dodge. A city of Iowa, 

 U.S.A., the co. seat of Webster co. 

 On the Des Moines river, 86 m. by 



Fort Augustus, Inverness-shire. The abbey and college 

 of S. Benedict on the shore of Loch Ness 



English began to construct one. 

 The French drove them away and 

 themselves completed the work, 

 calling it Fort Duquesne, after the 

 French governor of that name. 

 Attempts by Wash- 

 ington, and in 1755 

 by General Brad- 

 dock, failed to 

 recover it; but in 

 1758 General John 

 Miles succeeded. 

 He arrived there to 

 find that it had 

 been abandoned 

 and destroyed by 

 the French. The 

 English then began 

 to build a new fort, 

 and this, named 

 Fort Pitt, grew into 

 Pittsburg, the great 

 steel-working cen- 

 tre of Pennsylvania. 



