FOUGASSE 



3273 



FOUNDATION 



police in 1799. Under Napoleon 

 he retained this position, was 

 raised to the senate, and, under 

 the empire, was also minister of 

 the interior. He was made duke 

 of Otranto in 1808 and governor of 

 Illyria in 1813. After Leipzig, 

 seeing that Napoleon's power was 

 on the wane, he prepared the way 

 for deserting to the Bourbons, 

 under whom, after 1815, he again 

 became minister of police. He was, 

 however, exiled as a regicide in 

 1816, and died in Trieste, Dec. 25, 

 1820 It was Fouche who said of 

 the murder of the due d'Enghien, 

 " It was worse than a crime ; it 

 was a blunder." 



Fougasse (Fr.). Military mine 

 originally placed under the glacis 

 or ditch of a fortress. It is some- 

 times used to defend a defile or 

 other approach by throwing a 

 shower of stones upon the enemy. 

 An excavation is made, the axis of 

 which is inclined at an angle of 

 about 40 to the horizon ; it is 

 about 4 ft. deep, in the form of a 

 frustum of a cone, 5J ft. at the 

 surface. In a recess at the bottom 

 is placed a square box of gun- 

 powder, inclined to the horizon at 

 40, and on the box a wooden 

 shield about 6 ins. thick. The 

 excavation is filled up with stones, 

 the excavated earth being placed in 

 a mound in a line with the powder 

 box to increase the resistance 

 upwards, and so ensure the effect 

 of the explosion upon the stones 

 at the required angle ; the fuse is 

 led up from the box over the 

 mound. With a charge of 30 Ib. of 

 gunpowder the explosion will hurl 

 three-quarters of a ton of stones a 

 distance of 200 yds., spreading 

 them over a surface 90 yds. wide. 



Fougeres. Town of Brittany, 

 France. It stands on the Nancon ; 

 in the dept. of Hie et Vilaine, 30 m. 

 from Rennes and 23 m. from S. 

 Malo. The chief buildings are the 

 churches of S. Sulpice and S. 

 Leonard, both of the 15th century, 

 while there are remains of the 

 castle and other fortifications built 

 to protect the town in the Middle 

 Ages. The castle, standing on a 

 rock, was partially restored in the 

 20th century. Its eleven battle- 

 mented towers give an idea of its 

 original size and strength. The 

 hotel de ville dates from the 15th 

 century, and there are some old 

 houses. The town is now a market 

 for agricultural produce and a 

 centre of tanning and other indus- 

 tries connected with the manufac- 

 ture of boots and shoes. Granite is 

 found in the vicinity. Fougeres 

 was long one of the strong places 

 of Brittany, and was more than 

 once taken by the English. Pop. 

 23,500. 



Achille Fould, 

 French statesman 



After Philippoteaux 



Foula. One of the Shetland 

 Islands, Scotland. It lies 16 m. 

 to the S.W. of the mainland, and 

 is frequented by numerous sea- 

 fowl. It is a thriving fishing centre. 

 Its length is 3 m., breadth 1 m., 

 and highest point 1,370 ft. Pop? 184. 

 Foulard (Fr.). Soft, thin, 

 flexible fabric made of silk or silk 

 and cotton, usually printed in 

 colours on a light or dark ground. 

 The name was formerly applied to 

 a gauze ribbon material manu- 

 factured in France. 



Fould, ACHILLE (1800-67). 

 French statesman. Born in Paris 

 of a wealthy Jewish family, Nov. 



17, 1800, he - 



succeeded his 

 father in the 

 direction of his 

 bank, and was 

 elected to the 

 chamber as 

 deputy for 

 Hautes Pyre- 

 nees, 1842. 

 Throughout 

 Napoleon Ill's 

 career as presi- 

 dent and emperor, his financial 

 abilities made him a prominent 

 administrator. He was finance 

 minister almost continuously be- 

 tween 1849-52, minister of state 

 and of the imperial household, 

 1852-60, and minister of finance, 

 Nov. 14, 1861, to Jan. 19, 1867. 

 He extricated the national finances 

 from a difficult position by his 

 reduction of the 4 p.c. stock 

 to 3 p.c., by additional taxes and 

 stamp duties, 1862, and by floating 

 a successful loan, 1863. He re- 

 signed office on Napoleon's con- 

 cessions to liberal reform schemes, 

 being succeeded by Rouher, and 

 died Oct. 5, 1867. 



Foulis, ROBERT (1707-76). 

 Founder of the Foulis Press at 

 Glasgow. Born at Glasgow, April 

 20, 1707, while 

 a barber's ap- 

 prentice he at- 

 tended the 

 university lec- 

 tures of Francis 

 Hutcheson, on 

 whose advice 

 he started busi- 



Robert Foulis, ness as a printer 

 Scottish publisher 



From a medallion by and bookseller 

 J. Tasiie in 1741. TWO 



years later he was appointed 

 printer to Glasgow University, and 

 in 1744 took his brother Andrew 

 (1712-76) into partnership. After 

 the death of the two brothers the 

 business was continued by Robert's 

 son, Andrew (d. 1829). 



The Foulis Press issued more 

 than 550 vols., reprints of Greek, 

 Latin, and British classics, remark- 

 able for beauty of type, format, 



and textual accuracy. They in- 

 cluded the " immaculate " Horace, 

 1744 ; the fine Homer, in four folio 

 vols., 1756-58 ; a folio edition of 

 Paradise Lost, and the poems of 

 Gray and Pope. A collection of 

 Foulis books is in the Mitchell 

 Library, Glasgow. Pron. Fowls. 



Foundation (Lat. fundare, to 

 lay the bottom of, found). Liter- 

 ally, the base of a building, or that 

 upon which a structure rests. His 

 freely used, however, for a society, 

 such as a college or school, hospital 

 or monastery, which is endowed, 

 and so founded or set up on a per- 

 manent basis. The money given 

 for this purpose and the conditions 

 for which the society exists are 

 the foundation, the work of the 

 founder. 



Those on the foundation of a 

 college at Oxford or Cambridge, or 

 of a school such as Winchester and 

 Eton, are those scholars and others 

 who receive money from the college 

 funds, under the conditions laid 

 down by the statutes. Permanent 

 charities, such as an almshouse or 

 a hospital, are also known as foun- 

 dations, as are cathedrals. The 

 chapters of the English cathedrals 

 are divided into old foundations 

 and new foundations. The former 

 are those which were unchanged 

 at the Reformation ; the latter 

 those which being then com- 

 posed of monks, were pro- 

 vided with new chapters. See 

 Cathedral. 



Foundation. In building opera- 

 tions solid rock of a tough char- 

 acter is an ideal foundation. Gravel 

 also is excellent, and the same may 

 be said of dry sand, provided there 

 be a fair depth of the material. Wet 

 sand, clay, and alluvial deposits 

 give a less trustworthy, uncertain 

 support. When soft ground has to 

 be dealt with, several alternatives 

 are open to the engineer. He may 

 prefer to distribute the weight over 

 a large area by means of a wide 

 platform of concrete or ferro-con- 

 crete ; or to make the foundations 

 comparatively narrow, but deep, 

 and utilise the friction between 

 them and the ground. If water be 

 present, it may be necessary to 

 drive piles down close together till 

 the surface friction offers a suffi- 

 ciently high resistance: or until 

 they strike rock or other firm ma- 

 terial. Wooden piles will stand 

 loading up to 100 tons per square 

 foot of head area, and make an ex- 

 cellent substitute for rock, when 

 they actually rest upon it or 

 gravel. The heads of the piles are 

 connected by crossbeams, which in 

 turn support a platform of concrete 

 or wood which constitutes the 

 bearing surface. 



Where the foundation site is 



