FOURIER SERIES 



3278 



FOWKE 



Lower Egypt. On his return to 

 France he carried out experiments 

 on the propagation of heat. His 

 The"orie analytique de la Chaleur, 

 1822, was based on Newton's Law 

 of Cooling, and contains an account 

 of the mathematical series by which 

 he is chiefly remembered. He died 

 at Paris, May 16, 1830. 



Fourier Series. A trigono- 

 metrical series, involving sines and 

 cosines of simple multiples of a 

 variable which is restricted in pos- 

 sible value between definite limits. 

 Such a series, named after J. B. J. 

 Fourier, is of value in the solution 

 of many problems in physics. 



Four-in-Hand Club. English 

 club founded in 1856 to preserve 

 the sport of driving four-horsed 

 coaches. It succeeded the Bensing- 

 ton Driving Club (1807-52), and is 

 as exclusive. The Coaching Club, 

 founded in 1870, received as mem- 

 bers gentlemen for whom no 

 vacancy offered in the older club. 

 The annual meet of the Four-in- 

 Hand Club at the Magazine in Hyde 

 Park is one of the social events of 

 the London season. See Driving ; 

 also Coaching, illus. 



Four Lakes. Name given to a 

 series of four lakes in Wisconsin, 

 U.S.A. They are the Mendota, 

 Monona, Waubesa, and Kegonsa, 

 and are situated in the S. part of 

 the state. Occupying an area of 

 225 sq. m., they are drained to the 

 Rock river, by the Yahara river, 

 and are navigable by steamers. 

 Madison, the state capital, stands 

 between Monona and Mendota. 



Fourmies. Town of France. 

 In the dept. of Nord, it is 38J m. 

 S.E. of Valenciennes. An industrial 

 town, it had before the Great War 

 manufactures of woollen, cloth, 

 glass, and iron goods. The glass 

 works date from about 1600. The 

 town is a rly. junction, and during 

 the Great War it was in the occupa- 

 tion of the Germans. Pop. 13,800. 

 Four net, D' AETIQE DU (b. 1856). 

 French sailor. He saw service in 

 the East, taking part in the Tong- 

 k i n g War, 

 1883, and the 

 Chinese cam- 

 paign, 1885, 

 when he was 

 awarded the 

 cross of the 

 Legion of 

 Honour. In 

 1893 he com- 

 manded the 

 Comete in the 

 Siam War, forcing the passage of 

 the Menam and reaching Bangkok. 

 Becoming rear-admiral in 1900, he 

 commanded the French squadron in 

 the international naval demonstra- 

 tion during the Balkan War. 



At the outbreak of the Great 





BBH 



D' Artige du Fournet, 

 French sailor 



War, as vice-admiral he com- 

 manded the Flotte du Levant off 

 Syria, and later the Dardanelles 

 fleet. In Oct., 1915, he was 

 appointed commander-in-chief of 

 the French navy with supreme 

 command over the Allied fleets 

 in the Mediterranean, obtaining 

 the surrender of the Greek navy in 

 Oct., 1916. He retired in Dec., 1916. 



Fourth. Musical interval which 

 includes four consecutive scale 

 names, as C, D, E, F. The interval 

 between C and F n 



is called a fourth, CZJZI :I== n 



and as F is the r/(T\ 



fourth degree of C W ^i 



the scale of C this 



is called a perfect fourth, and by 



some a major fourth. See Interval. 



Fourth Dimension. Term 

 used for hyper space next to the 

 three-dimensional space in which 

 we live. A line has only one dimen- 

 sion, length ; a surface two, length 

 and breadth ; a solid three, length, 

 breadth, and thickness. A fourth 

 dimensional body would have the 

 last three and one other which may 

 be argued about from a mathemati- 

 cal point of view and provides a 

 plausible answer to many of the 

 problems of physics, as for ex- 

 ample the explanation of gravity 

 and the fact that there are only a 

 finite number of kinds of matter. 



The idea of a fourth dimensional 

 space springs logically from the 

 algebraic expression of geometrical 

 forms. If a quadratic equation 

 can be made to , 

 express any geo- 

 metrical figure 

 on a plane sur- 

 face, a cubic ; 

 equation, the 

 geometric rela- 

 tions of a solid, 

 then an equation 

 of higher powers 

 might be held 

 to represent the 

 relations of 

 points, lines, 

 surfaces, and 

 solids, or super-- 

 solids in space 

 of more than 

 three dimensions. 



The Italian geometer Veronese 

 wrote a work on geometry of n 

 dimensions, and the theorem was 

 considered by mathematicians such 

 as Cayley, Riemann, and Clifford in 

 the middle of the nineteenth cen- 

 tury. See Mathematics; consult 

 also Scientific Romances, 1884-88 ; 

 The Fourth Dimension, 1904, both 

 by C. H. Hinton. 



Fourth Estate. Term some- 

 times applied to the press to em- 

 phasise its importance in the state, 

 the three estates of the realm 

 according to the constitution being 



the lords spiritual, lords temporal, 

 and commons. The term was first 

 used by Edmund Burke. See 

 Estates ; Journalism. 



Fourth Party. Name given 

 about 1880 to a small independent 

 and irresponsible body of Conserva- 

 tive politicians. They were Lord 

 Randolph Churchill, Sir H. Drum- 

 mond Wolff, Sir John E. Gorst, 

 and at times A. J. Balfour. 

 Throughout the Parliament of 

 1880-85 they frequently opposed 

 and annoyed their leader, Sir Staf- 

 ford Northcote. 



Foveaux. Strait or channel 

 separating Stewart Island from 

 South Island, New Zealand. It is 

 about 25 m. across. 



Foweira. Village of Uganda. It 

 stands on the Victoria Nile, 62 m. 

 below Lake Kioga and 160 m. from 

 Namasagli. The Nile is navigable 

 from Lake Kioga to Foweira, but 

 here occur some 50 m. of rapids. 



Fowey. Seaport, market town, 

 and watering-place of Cornwall, 

 England. It stands on the W. shore 

 of the Fowey estuary, 10 m. S. by 

 E. of Bodmin, on the G. W.R. It has 

 a fine harbour, formerly protected 

 by three forts now in ruins, is a 

 favourite yachting station, and is 

 largely occupied in the pilchard- 

 fishing industry. An important 

 port in the Middle Ages, it sup- 

 plied nearly 50 vessels for the 

 blockade of Calais in 1346. There 

 is a trade in china clay. Market 

 day, Sat. Pop. 2,276. Pron. Foy. 



Fowey. 



The town and river estuary looking towards 

 the sea 



Fowke, SIB GEORGE HENRY (b. 

 1864). British soldier. Born Sept 

 10, 1864, he en- 

 tered the Royal 

 Engineers i n 

 1884, and took 

 part in the S. 

 African War. 

 A.A.G. for the 

 R.E.attheWar 

 Office, 1910-13, 

 he was inspec- 

 t or of the 

 R.E. in 1913, 

 which post he 



