FRANCIS FERDINAND 



331 1 



FRANCK 



Francis Ferdinand (1863- 

 1914). Austrian archduke. Son of 

 the archduke Charles Louis and 

 nephew of the 

 emperor Fran- 

 cis Joseph, he 

 was born at 

 Graz, Dec. 18, 

 1863. After 

 inheriting, in 

 1875, the wealth 

 Z and titles of the 

 house of Haps- 

 Francis Ferdinand, burg-Este, for- 

 Austrian archduke merlv dukes of 



Modena, he became, by the suicide 

 of the crown prince Rudolf in 1889, 

 heir-apparent to the crown of 

 Austria-Hungary. On his morgana- 

 tic marriage in 1900 to the Coun- 

 tess Sophia Chotek, who was 

 created Princess Hohenberg, he re- 

 nounced for the children the right 

 of succession, but his own position 

 remained, and for the next fourteen 

 years he was one of the directors of 

 the policy of Austria -Hungary. He 

 was making a tour in Bosnia when 

 he was assassinated at Sarajevo, 

 June 28, 1914, a crime which pre- 

 cipitated the Great War. 



Francis Joseph I (1830-1916). 

 Emperor of Austria. The eldest son 

 of the archduke Francis and a 

 grandson of the emperor Francis IT, 

 he was born at Vienna, Aug. 18, 

 1830. He was educated carefully 

 but narrowly, as all the Hapsburgs, 

 and owed much to the strong 

 character of his mother, Sophia, 

 daughter of Maximilian I of 

 Bavaria. In 1848 the shaking 

 throne was occupied by Ferdinand, 

 a childless imbecile. The hopes of 

 the Hapsburgs were therefore 

 centred on Francis Joseph, his 

 nephew, and it was decided that 

 he, who came of age Aug. 18, 1848, 

 should be placed upon the throne. 



Francis Joseph reigned from 

 Dec. 2, 1848, until Nov. 21, 1916, 

 one of the longest reigns in the 

 world's history. But its interest is 

 not so much in its length as in its 

 vicissitudes. He saw Austria lose 

 her possessions in Italy, 1859, and, 

 defeated by Prussia, 1866, driven 

 from the German confederation. 

 He saw the results of a hated rule 

 in continuous discontent in Hun- 

 gary and Bohemia. The acquisition 

 of Bosnia and Herzegovina, 1908, 

 hardly compensated for endless 

 difficulties with the Balkan states, 

 for the growing suspicions of 

 Russia, or for disorder in the 

 national finances, while Austria's 

 adhesion to the Triple Alliance 

 made her more than ever sub- 

 ordinate to Prussia. 



His private life was even 

 more tragic. His wife Elizabeth, 

 daughter of Maximilian Joseph, 

 duke of Bavaria, was assassinated 



at Geneva in 1897 ; his only son, 

 Rudolph, committed suicide, or 

 was killed, in 1889 ; his nephew 

 and heir, the archduke Francis 

 Ferdinand, was murdered at Sara- 

 jevo, June 28, 1914, with the 

 most momentous consequences. 



The emperor took a real part in 

 ruling his empire with its warring 

 races and inherited difficulties, and 

 but for him it is probable that it 

 would have fallen to pieces before 

 it did. He was diligent and up to a 

 point capable, but his outlook was 

 narrow, and he could hardly be 

 expected to understand, still less 



After L. Horowitz 



to sympathise with, the liberal 

 movement that shook Europe 

 during his earlier years. His 

 policy and actions, which have 

 been described as opportunist, 

 show little trace of consistency. 



His earliest troubles were with 

 Hungary ; it was not until 1867 

 that he was there recognized as 

 king. His life story is that of 

 Austria-Hungary, and to a large 

 extent that of Europe, including 

 Germany, which before the war 

 of 1866 he tried hard to unite under 

 his own overlordship. He died 

 Nov. 21, 1916, and was succeeded 

 by his grand nephew, the arch- 

 duke Charles, who abdicated, Nov. 

 1918. His surviving family con- 

 sisted of two daughters. See 

 Austria - Hungary ; Hapsburg ; 

 consult also Lives, R. P. Mahaffy, 

 1908; F. H. Gribble, 1914; The 

 Real Francis Joseph, H. de 

 Weindel, Eng. trans. P. W. 

 Sergeant, 1909. 



Franciscans. Order of friars, 

 also known as Friars Minor or 

 Minorites, or Grey Friars, founded 

 in 1209 by S. Francis of Assisi(f/.r. ). 



Franciscan. Dress 

 of the order 



The first general chapter, in 1219, 

 was attended by upwards of 5,000 

 members. The rule was solemnly 

 r a t i f i e d by 

 HonoriusIIIin 

 1223. A year 

 later the order 

 was established 

 in England, at 

 Canterbury. 

 Following a re- 

 taxation of the 

 strict rule of 

 poverty, the 

 order was di- 

 vided into Con- 

 ventuals, who 

 lived in large 

 convents under 

 modified con- 

 ditions; and 

 Observantines, 

 who adhered to 

 the original 

 rule. Known 

 in France as Cordeliers, the Obser- 

 vantines subsequently divided into 

 Observants, Reformed, Discalced, 

 Recollects, and Capuchins. 



In 1897, as a result of the efforts 

 of Leo XIII, while the Conventuals 

 and Capuchins remained distinct, 

 the other branches or families of 

 the order were united under the 

 name of Ordo Fratrum Minorum, 

 or Friars Minor. The original dress 

 of the order consisted of a coarse 

 grey cloth habit, with pointed 

 hood, under-tunic, drawers, and 

 waistcord. Five popes and more 

 than 50 cardinals have belonged 

 to the order, which numbered 

 among its members Cardinal 

 Ximenes, S. Bonaventure, Duns 

 Scotus, Alexander of Hales, Roger 

 Bacon, and William of Ockham. 

 Allied to it, as a second order, 

 were the Poor Clares, and, as a 

 third order, the Tertian es. In 

 the second half of the 14th century 

 its monasteries were computed at 

 1,500 with 90,000 friars. At the dis- 

 solution the houses in England num- 

 bered 64. See Monasticism ; Poor 

 Clares ; Tertiaries ; consult also 

 Annales Minorum, L. Wadding, 

 1625-54; republ. with additions, 

 Rome, 1731-1887. See Cowl, illus. 



Francistown. Town of the 

 Bechuanaland Protectorate, S. 

 Africa. In the Tati Concession, it 

 stands near the Shashi river, 50 m. 

 N.W. of Tati, and near the border 

 of S. Rhodesia. 



Franck, CSAR AUQDSTE (1822- 

 90). French music composer. 

 Born at Liege, Dec. 10, 1822, he 

 studied at the Conservatoire there, 

 and at Paris. After teaching for 

 two years in Belgium, he settled in 

 Paris in 1844, and devoted himself 

 to teaching and composition. In 

 1858 he became organist at the 

 church of S. Clotilde, and in 1872 



