FRANCK 



3312 



FRANCO-PRUSSIAN WAR 



professor of the organ at the Con- 

 servatoire. He composed a large 

 amount of music of varying merit, 

 chiefly the oratorio Les Beatitudes, 

 orchestral works, including Ruth, 

 Redemption, and Rebecca, and 

 chamber music, notably a quintet 

 for piano and strings, and a string 

 quartet. He died Nov. 8, 1890. 

 Franck' s influence upon his pupils 

 was great, and he has been described 

 as the greatest of modern French 

 teachers, and probably the greatest 

 of church organists and composers 

 since Bach. See Life, V. d'Indy, 

 Eng. trans. R. Newmarch, 1910. 



Franck, SEBASTIAN (c. 1499- 

 1542). German writer. Born at 

 Donauworth, he was trained for 

 the priesthood at Ingolstadt and 

 Heidelberg. He had already taken 

 orders when, about 1525, he be- 

 came a Protestant. He was ban- 

 ished from Strasbourg on account 

 of his opinions in 1531, and 

 settled at Ulm ; but the publica- 

 tion of his Guldin Arch, 1538, led 

 to his expulsion therefrom in 1539. 

 He then went to Basel, and died 

 there. His collection of German 

 Proverbs, 1541, enjoyed a long 

 popularity. His other writings are 

 all remarkable for their freedom 

 of thought, in which Franck was 

 a pioneer. 



Francke, AUGUST HERMANN 

 (1663-1727). German education- 

 ist. Born at Liibeck, March 23, 

 1663, he was trained at Erfurt and 

 Kiel, and studied Hebrew at Ham- 

 burg. Settling at Leipzig, he estab- 

 lished a kind of literary club, under 

 the name of Collegium Philobibli- 

 cum. He taught Greek and Oriental 

 languages at Halle University, 

 where he established a paedogog- 

 ium and orphans' house (1698), the 

 success of which attracted much 

 attention among philanthropists in 

 England. Francke became famous 

 through his lectures on the Bible. 

 He wrote much on Biblical and 

 educational subjects. See Faith's 

 Work Perfected (Eng. trans, of 

 Francke's Pietas Hallensis), ed. 

 W. L. Gage, 1867. 



Francolin OB SPUR - LEGGED 

 PARTRIDGE (Francolinus). Group 

 of game birds, of which over forty 

 species are recognized. Most of 

 them are mottled with black, 

 brown, and white ; they are found 

 in Africa and S. Asia, and one 

 species formerly occurred in Sicily, 

 but appears to be extinct there 

 now. They live among the high 

 grass in the valleys. 



Franconia (LAND OP THE 

 FRANKS). Name given in the 9th and 

 10th centuries to one of the great 

 duchies into which Germany was 

 divided. It was the one founded 

 and inhabited, as the people be- 

 lieved, by the Franks. The west- 



central part of Germany, it was the 

 district through which the Main 

 runs, although a portion of it, in- 

 cluding the cities of Mainz, Worms, 

 and Spires, was on the W. side of 

 the Rhine. Its capital was Frank- 

 fort. 



The duchy had only a short life, 

 as a few years after 1024, when its 

 duke, Conrad II, became German 

 king, it was broken up among vari- 

 ous princes, especially the arch 

 bishop of Mainz, and the bishops 

 of Worms, Spires, and Wiirzburg. 



The name, however, remained in 

 use for the eastern part of the old 

 duchy, that on the E. of the Rhine. 

 It was given in 1500 to one of the 

 circles into which Germany was 

 divided, and for over 300 years 

 before 1802 the bishops of Wiirz- 

 burg called themselves dukes of 

 Franconia. The Bavarian portion 

 of old Franconia is now divided 

 into three parts : Franconia, cap- 

 ital Baireuth ; Middle Franconia, 

 capital Ansbach ; and Lower Fran- 

 conia, capital Wiirzburg. 



FRANCO-PRUSSIAN WAR, 187O-71 



J. Markham Rose, D.S.O., late Instructor, R. Mil. Academy, Woolwich 



In addition to this general sketch there are articles on Metz, Sedan, and 



the other great battles of the war. See also Bazaine ; Bismarck ; Moltke ; 



Napoleon III ; William I ; and the articles France ; Germany 



Prussia, desiring to lead the 

 movement towards German unity, 

 had an ambitious king in William 

 I ; a clever and not too scrupulous 

 statesman in Bismarck ; a great 

 strategist in Moltke ; and a sound 

 military organizer in Roon. The 

 short campaign of 1864, in which 

 Austria and Prussia overwhelmed 

 Denmark and robbed her of 

 Slesvig-Holstein, served Prussia as 

 a practical lesson in her scheme of 

 mobilisation, which she now lab- 

 oured to improve. Two years later 

 she showed Austria how much she 

 had benefited by the experience, 

 and taught the rest of Germany to 

 look to Prussia as their head. The 

 four great leaders of Prussia again 

 used this war of 1866 as a training 

 ground for perfecting their military 

 organization, and prevailed upon 

 the other German states, secretly, 

 to place their troops under Prussian 

 control. 



France was ruled by Napoleon 

 III, who had gained a small military 

 reputation through the Crimean 

 War, and his campaign in Italy in 

 1859 ; but the world generally, and 

 Bismarck in particular, had dis- 

 covered that he was not a great 

 general. In pursuit of his ambition, 

 he wished to push the French fron- 

 tier to the Rhine,and hoped by mili- 

 tary glory to remove his subjects' 

 growing dissatisfaction with his 

 inefficiency as a ruler. He further 

 thought that Austria would join 

 him to revenge 1866, and that Italy 

 might also help him. 



Declaration of War 



Thus there were the makings of 

 war if anything occurred to start 

 it. On July 3, 1870, Prince Leopold 

 of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen was 

 selected for the vacant throne of 

 Spain. Napoleon feared a Prussian- 

 ised state on his Spanish frontier, 

 and demanded that the idea should 

 be abandoned. Bismarck knew 

 that Germany was ready for war, 

 and that France was not as ready 



as Napoleon believed, and by a tele- 

 gram, which did not truly repre- 

 sent King William's words, sent 

 French feeling to fever point. 

 Rulers on both sides desired war, 

 and war was declared on July 19. 

 Both Austria and Italy declined to 

 intervene. Napoleon believed his 

 ministers' assurance that his army 

 was " ready to the last gaiter- 

 button," whereas in reality it was 

 badly trained and badly found, and 

 the mobilisation plans were most 

 imperfect ; he showed his inability 

 as a strategist in that his initial 

 plan was to cross the Rhine and 

 endeavour to separate the South 

 German states from the Prussians, 

 whom he could not believe they 

 really loved. This was true in part, 

 and, could he have been ready first, 

 it was a possibility that a separated 

 South Germany would not have 

 proved such loyal allies to Prussia 

 as they afterwards turned out to be. 

 Organization of Prussian Army 



The Germans were organized in 

 three armies. The first or northern 

 one, under Steinmetz ; the second, 

 under Prince Frederick Charles, 

 the " Red Prince " ; the third or 

 southern army, under the Crown 

 Prince. The first actual conflict of 

 forces larger than reconnoitring 

 parties took place at Sarrebruck on 

 Aug. 2, when the French drove 

 back a few battalions and crossed 

 the frontier. This fight was given 

 undue prominence as a French 

 victory, because it was the bapteme 

 defeu of the little Prince Imperial. 



The positions of the opposing 

 forces on Aug. 4 were as follows : 

 The French were strung out along 

 the frontier in Alsace-Lorraine, 

 from Strasbourg in the S. to Sarre- 

 bruck in the N. ; perhaps 150,000 

 E. of Metz; but the mobilisation 

 was so incomplete and so confused 

 that not even the French High 

 Command knew where battalions 

 were, or the precise number of 

 troops in any division. Strasbourg 



