FRANKLIN1TE 



u_^ BHn _._l 



and took part, between 1818 and 



1827, in three Arctic expeditions. 



during which he surveyed many 



^^^ p-,,^^^^ thousand miles 



| of Arctic- 



1 American 



I coast-line and 



*ljj the Saskatche- 



1 wan, Copper- 



\ mine and Mac- 



I kenzie river 



Blk^y ^ itfjS^n basins. For 



KliiL JBJHI these services 



^ _ he was pro- 



'j2a^+*&*t*j- moted cap- 



"* tain, knighted, 



1829, and awarded various scientific 



distinctions at home and abroad. 



From 1836-43 he was governor of 



Van Dieman's Land (Tasmania). 



A new British expedition, con- 

 sisting of the ships Erebus and 

 Terror, with Franklin in command, 

 intended to explore the N.W. 

 Passage, sailed from the Thames 

 on May 19, 1845. The vessels were 

 last sighted in Baffin Bay. 

 Franklin had proposed to return 

 in 1847, and, no tidings being re- 

 ceived from him, no fewer than 39 

 expeditions, four at Lady Frank- 

 lin's expense, were sent forth from 

 Great Britain and America be- 

 tween 1847 and 1857, in hope of 

 rescuing the explorers. Some 

 traces of them were found by 

 Captains Ommanney and Penny, 

 and Dr. Rae. In 1857 Lady Frank- 

 lin equipped the yacht Fox and 

 dispatched it to N.E. America 

 under Captain, afterwards Sir, 

 Leopold McClintock. Two years 

 were spent in search, and in June, 

 1859, a cairn was found at Point 

 Victory in which was a record of 

 Franklin's expedition down to 

 April 25, 1848, with definite proof 

 that he had discovered the N.W. 

 Passage, and that he had died on 

 June 11, 1847. Parliament voted 

 2,000 for the statue in Waterloo 

 Place, London, and Lady Franklin 

 erected the monument in West- 

 minster Abbey. See Arctic Ex- 

 ploration. 



Bibliography. Franklin's Narra- 

 tive of a Journey to the Shores of 

 the Polar Sea in the years 1819, 

 20, 21 and 22, 1823 ; his Narrative 

 of a 2nd Expedition, 1825, 26 and 

 27, 1828 ; The Career, Last Voyage, 

 and Fate of Sir John Franklin, S. 

 Osborn, 1860 ; The Polar Regions, 

 John Richardson, 1861 ; The Voyage 

 of the Fox in Arctic Seas in Search 

 of Franklin and his Companions, 

 Sir F. L. McClintock, pop. ed. 1908; 

 Lives, A. H. Beesly, 1881 ; A. H. 

 Markham, 1891 ; H. D. Traill, 1896. 

 Franklinite. Sometimes con- 

 sidered an ore of zinc, but more 

 properly an ore of iron. Its normal 

 composition is peroxide of iron, 

 67 p.c. ; sesquioxide of manganese, 

 16 p.c. : oxide of zinc, 17 p.c. It 



3318 



MH^HMM 



occurs in coarse, granular, massive 

 ( form and in brilliant crystals fre- 

 'quently of large size. It is brittle 

 and slightly magnetic, but blacker 

 than magnetic iron ore, which it 

 resembles. First recognized in 

 deposits near the Franklin furnace 

 at Hamburg, New Jersey, it is 

 used in the manufacture of 

 Bessemer steel. 



Frank- marriage. In English 

 law, a form of entailing land, now 

 obsolete. It referred to land 

 granted by a man to his daughter 

 and her husband. This was free 

 or franked from the usual feudal 

 dues, except that of fealty, and so 

 remained until the holder was 

 removed more than four degrees of 

 relationship from the overlord. 

 See Land Laws. 



Frankpledge. System by which 

 a group of men were held re- 

 sponsible by the state for each 

 other's misdeeds. The Anglo- 

 Saxons called these associations 

 frithborhs, and membership was 

 imposed by law upon all freemen. 

 William the Conqueror ordered 

 every freeman to be in a frank- 

 pledge, which appears to have con- 

 sisted of ten or twelve men, and 

 later kings made like regulations. 

 Sheriffs held periodical " views " 

 of frankpledge, i.e. courts to see 

 that the law was being obeyed. 

 After a time the unfree were ad- 

 mitted to membership, and the 

 free dropped gradually out. The 

 system was by then, say the 14th 

 century, showing signs of decay, 

 and it did not survive the advent 

 of the Tudors, although courts for 

 the view of frankpledge remained 

 for some time longer, and in 

 manorial court leets have one or 

 two survivals to-day. See Jury. 



Franks (lateLat. /rawcw.s,free). 

 Group of tribes dwelling in Europe 

 in the 3rd century, who founded 

 the kingdom of France, to which 

 they gave their name. They are 

 first mentioned in writing in refer- 

 ence to a victory obtained by 

 Aurelian over some of them near 

 Mogontiacum (Mainz) in 241. 



The Frankish tribes were of Teu- 

 tonic origin and were first [found 

 in what is now N.W. Germany 

 and the Netherlands. They bore 

 various names until by one of the 

 accidents of history that of Franks 

 began to prevail over the others 

 and gradually supplanted them. 



In the 4th century or a little later 

 the Franks were divided into two 

 irain branches : the Salian Franks 

 around the mouth of the Rhine 

 and the Ripuarian Franks higher 

 up the river. They were first 

 enemies and then tributaries of the 

 Romans, and the decay of the 

 Roman empire was their hour. 

 The man to use it was Clovis, 



FRANKS 



.. 



descendant of one Chlodio, who had 

 led the Salian Franks into what is 

 now France and had made Tournai 

 his capital. Thirty years before he 

 became king in 481 his tribe had 

 sent warriors to that vast host 

 that defeated the Huns in 451. ' 



Clovis united many of the Salian 

 Franks under his rule, and con- 

 quered much of Gaul. He made the 

 Ripuarians, who had spread up 

 the Rhine as far as Alsace, own his 

 authority, and when their own 

 king was murdered they took the 

 Salian in his stead. Clovis was 

 baptized as a Christian, and nomi- 

 nally at least the Franks were no 

 longer pagans. His sons continued 

 his career of conquest, and soon 

 Frankland was a great district 

 lying on both sides of the Rhine, the 

 name being perpetuated in the 

 German district of Franconia. Like 

 Anglo-Saxon England, it was 

 divided into more or less indepen- 

 dent kingdoms, such as Austrasia 

 and Neustria, but, in spite of civil 

 wars, there was a certain brother- 

 hood between them which facili- 

 tated the combination of several 

 into one. 



This union of Frankish tribes 

 under Clovis and his descendants 

 formed that Frankish realm which 

 has so greatly influenced European 

 history. It existed in one form or 

 another from about 500 to about 

 900, reached its height in the great 

 but transient empire of Charle- 

 magne, and from its ruins both 

 France and Germany arose. It 

 included parts of both, but soon a 

 cleavage showed itself between E. 

 and W. Franks, and early in the 

 9th century the one folk could not 

 understand the speech of the other. 

 A definite division was made in 

 817 and soon afterwards the E. 

 Franks became Germans and the 

 W. Franks became French. The 

 boundary between them was not 

 easily drawn ; indeed, it may be 

 said to have been a prime cause of 

 a thousand years of intermittent 

 European warfare. France added 

 Celtic elements from the S. and W. 

 to her Franks ; Germany added 

 Slavonic ones from the E. to hers, 

 and for this and other reasons the 

 two developed into distinct nations. 

 Gregory of Tours, the chief au- 

 thority for the early history of the 

 Franks, and other writers, describe 

 the customs and habits of these 

 people in peace and war, which do 

 not seem to have differed very much 

 from those of other Teutonic tribes. 

 See France. 



Franks, SIR AUGUSTUS WOLLAS- 

 TON (1826-97). British antiquary. 

 Born at Geneva, March 20, 1826, 

 he was educated at Eton and 

 Trinity College, Cambridge. After 

 being assistant in the department 



