James Eraser, 

 British divine 



FRASERBURG 



son of a merchant, he was edu- 

 cated at Shrewsbury School and 

 Lincoln College, Oxford. His 

 scholars hip 

 won for him a 

 fellowship at 

 Oriel, and 

 having served 

 for a time as 

 tutor there, he 

 was ordained 

 in 1846. He 

 held livings in 

 Wiltshire and 

 Berkshire, and 

 was chancellor of Salisbury. In 

 1870 he was chosen bishop of 

 Manchester, and he worked in that 

 diocese until his death there on 

 Oct. 22, 1885. 



He was the real founder of the 

 diocesan organization, was chosen 

 as arbitrator in several industrial 

 disputes, and was unwillingly the 

 defendant in a case arising out of 

 ritualistic practice. Specially in- 

 terested in education, Fraser had 

 studied this subject thoroughly as 

 an assistant commissioner in the 

 diocese of Salisbury, and in 1868 

 he had reported in an official ca- 

 pacity on education in Canada 

 and the U.S.A. See Memoir, T. 

 Hughes, 1887 ; Lancashire Life of 

 Bishop Fraser, J. W. Diggle, 4th 

 ed., 1890. 



Fraserburg. Village of the 

 Cape Province. It is 84 m. N. W. of 

 Fraserburg Road, a station on the 

 rly. from Cape Town to De Aar, 

 and is a sheep-farming centre. 

 Pop. 800. 



Fraser burgh. Police burgh, 

 seaport and fishing town of Aber- 

 deenshire, Scotland. It stands on 

 the W. shore of Fraserburgh Bay, 

 and on the S. side of Kinnaird's 

 Head, 47 m. N. of Aberdeen, on 

 the G.N.S.R. It is the chief centre 

 of the Scottish herring fishery, and 

 exports agricultural produce and 

 imports coal. It has a large and 

 good harbour, with piers and a 

 breakwater. There are remains of 

 the castle of the Frasers, while the 

 town cross is worthy of notice. 

 The town was named from Sir 

 Alexander Fraser, who, in 1613, 

 made it into a burgh. He also ob- 

 tained permission to found a 

 university here, and the buildings 

 were begun, a tower erected for 

 this purpose still standing. The 

 Council owns the gas and water 

 works, an isolation hospital, public 

 abattoir and a free library. Market 

 day, Tues. Pop. 10,574. 



Fraserville. Town and water- 

 ing place of Quebec, Canada, 

 known also as Riviere du Loup. 

 In Temiscouata co., it stands on 

 the Riviere du Loup, near the 

 junction of that river with the S. 

 Lawrence, 110 m. N.E. of Quebec. 



3320 



Here are the Fraser Institute, 

 churches, schools, etc. The town 

 is on the Inter-colonial Rly. and is 

 the terminus of the Temiscouata 

 Rly. Its industries include pulp 

 mills, and the making of furniture, 

 bricks, etc. The town is also a 

 pleasure resort, trout fishing and 

 caribou hunting being attractions 

 for sportsmen, while steamers call 

 here. Pop. 6,774. 



Fraticelli (dim. of Ital. /rate, 

 brother). Group of religious orders 

 in medieval Italy. Originating in 

 the Franciscan order in the 13th 

 century, when the more zealous 

 members of that order discoun- 

 tenanced the possession of money 

 or property, it took a powerful 

 hold on the popular imagination 

 and gained many recruits. Carried 

 away by their zeal, they regarded 

 themselves as the true representa- 

 tives of the Catholic church and 

 elected popes, thereby bringing 

 upon themselves the heavy hand 

 of the Inquisition. Persecutions 

 increased until 1449, when the 

 constant imprisonments and exe- 

 cutions deprived them gradually of 

 their leaders, and the Fraticelli 

 died out. See Hist, of the Inquisi- 

 tion of the Middle Ages, H. C. Lea, 

 vols. ii and iii, repr. 1906. 



Fratricide (Lat. /rater, brother ; 

 caedere, to kill). Killing a brother 

 or sister. In English law it is on the 

 same footing as any other homicide, 

 but in some ancient systems was a 

 special species of crime, punishable 

 more severely than killing a stran- 

 ger in blood. See Murder. 



Fratta Maggiore. Town of 

 Italy, in the prov. of Naples. It is 

 8J m. N. of Naples, and is a favour- 

 ite residential district of wealthy 

 Neapolitans. The vineyards in the 

 neighbourhood produce an excel- 

 lent wine, silkworms are reared, 

 and rope made. Pop. 13,720. 



Fratton. District within the 

 borough of Portsmouth. It has 

 a station of the L.B. & S.C. and 

 L. & S.W. Rlys., known as Fratton 

 and Southsea. See Portsmouth. 



Fraud (Lat. fraus, deceit). 

 English law term, for which no 

 comprehensive definition exists. 

 The essence of the matter is deceit 

 some statement or suppression 

 of fact in word or deed with in- 

 tent to deceive. When a man sues 

 on the ground of fraud, or claims 

 property fraudently withheld from 

 him, his right of action begins to 

 accrue from the time he discovers 

 the fraud, and not from the time it 

 was perpetrated upon him. Some 

 frauds are criminal, but not all. 

 But a conspiracy to defraud is al- 

 ways criminal. If a person has been 

 induced to enter into a contract, or 

 to transfer property by fraud, he 

 can always, on discovering it, have 



FRAUENBURG 



the contract or transfer set aside ; 

 but he must be careful to take steps 

 immediately. And he cannot re- 

 cover his property as against some 

 innocent purchaser who has bought 

 it without notice of the fraud. 



Frauds, STATUTE OF. English 

 law passed in 1676. Its design was 

 to substitute written for verbal 

 evidence in large classes of trans- 

 actions, and so diminish liability 

 to fraud and perjury. Conveyances, 

 wills and leases of land, except ten- 

 ancies of less than three years, were 

 required to be in writing and signed 

 by the party or his agent. It was 

 also enacted that no action should 

 be brought upon certain agree- 

 ments unless the plaintiff could 

 prove the agreement by writing 

 duly signed by the defendant or 

 his agent. 



These agreements were: (1) A 

 promise by an executor or adminis- 

 trator to pay the deceased's debt 

 or damages out of his own pocket ; 

 (2) a guarantee ; (3) an agreement 

 in consideration of marriage ; (4) 

 a contract, sale of lands, or tene- 

 ments or hereditaments, or any in- 

 terest in or concerning them ; (5) 

 an agreement not to be performed 

 within a year from the making 

 thereof. As to (3) it was soon held 

 not to include a promise to marry ; 

 the consideration for which is not 

 marriage, but a promise to marry 

 by the other party. The section 

 dealing with contracts for the 

 sale of goods of the value of 10 

 and upwards has been repealed 

 and almost re-enacted by the Sale 

 of Goods Act, 1893 ; and other 

 sections, which made writing neces- 

 sary for a will of lands, have also 

 been repealed, and the subject of 

 wills generally dealt with by the 

 Wills Act, 1837. 



The statute and its policy have 

 led to much litigation and differ- 

 ence of opinion. No doubt it was 

 advisable to make written instru- 

 ments and evidence compulsory, at 

 any rate for wills, guarantees, 

 leases and conveyances of land. 

 It is questionable whether it was 

 politic, having regard to mercan- 

 tile usages, to include sales of goods 

 within the purview of such a 

 statute. Yet, as we have seen, 

 this very section has been re- 

 enacted in modern times. It may 

 be said, however, that in the Com- 

 mercial Court the defence is very 

 rarely set up that the contract is 

 not evidenced by writing. 



Frauenburg. City and port of 

 E. Prussia, Germany. It stands 

 where the Bande falls into the 

 Frisches Haff, in the district of 

 Konigsberg, by rly. 42 m. S.W. of 

 Konigsberg. Its interest is in its 

 Gothic cathedral and its associa- 

 tions. This, the cathedral of the 



