FREDEGOND 



are permanent in some people, 

 but in many they appear in the 

 summer months, following ex- 

 posure to sun, and disappear in the 

 winter. Persons desirous of avoid- 

 ing the condition should wear veils 

 in strong sunshine. Freckles may 

 be removed or lessened by appli- 

 cation of a dilute solution of per- 

 chloride of mercury, but only under 

 medical advice. 



Fredegond OB FREDEGHNDE 

 (d.597). Prankish queen. Of humble 

 birth, she attracted the attention of 

 Chilperic I of Neustria, who mur- 

 dered his wife, probably at her in- 

 stigation, in order to marry her. A 

 forceful character, she dominated 

 her husband, had his sons mur- 

 dered in order to make a future 

 for her own boy, and carried on a 

 relentless feud with Brunhild, 

 queen of Austrasia. In 584 Chil- 

 peric died, murdered probably by 

 his faithless wife, who became the 

 ruler of Neustria in the name of 

 her younger son, Clothaire II. By 

 wars she had added something to 

 its area when she died in .597. 



Frederic, HAROLD (1856-98). 

 American novelist and journalist. 

 Born Aug. 19, 1856, he became a 

 journalist, and 

 | was London cor- 

 I respondent of 

 I The New York 

 I Times from 

 I 1884 till his 

 | death, Oct. 19, 

 1 1898. His fame 

 I rests chiefly on 

 m his novel, Illu- 

 Harold Frederic, mination, 1896 

 Amencan novelist (publishe d in 

 America as The Damnation of 

 Theron Ware), a keenly analytical 

 study of American religious life as 

 seen by an agnostic and a Roman 

 Catholic priest. Other works are 

 The Copperhead, 1894 ; and March 

 Hares, 1896. 



Fredericia. Seaport of Den- 

 mark, in the S.E. of Jutland. It 

 stands on the Little Belt, at its 

 N.W. entrance, 14 m. N.E. of 

 Kolding, and is connected with 

 that town and Esbjerg by rly., and 

 with Middelfart in Funen by steam 

 ferry. It manufactures cotton 

 goods, hats, tobacco, and chicory, 

 and exports eggs, meat, and fish. 

 Founded in 1652 by Frederick 

 III, Fredericia was destroyed by 

 the Swedes in 1657 ; re-fortified in 

 1709,itwas besieged in 1848-49 and 

 1864, when it was again partly 

 destroyed. A statue commem- 

 orates the Danish victory over the 

 Slesvig-Holstein army in 1849. 

 Pop. 14,228 



Frederick. City of Maryland, 

 U.S.A., the co. seat of Frederick co. 

 It is 46 m. N.W. of Washington, 

 and is served by the Pennsylvania 



332.2. 



and the Baltimore and Ohio Rlys. 

 It contains a state school for deaf 

 mutes, a women's college, andits in- 

 dustrial establishments inelude can- 

 neries, brush, leather, and tobacco 

 factories, foundries and planing 

 mills. It was settled in 1745, and 

 incorporated in 181 7. Pop. 11,225. 



Frederick. Christian name of 

 Teutonic origin. It means rich in 

 peace, and Friedrich, the German 

 form, has been long a favocrrite 

 name in Germany, borne by many 

 rulers. From Germany it passed 

 into England in the time of the 

 Georges, although similar names, 

 formed from the Anglo-Saxon 

 frith, peace, had been in use in 

 early times, e.g. Frideswide. The 

 Italian form is Federigo. 



Frederick I (c. 1124-90). Ger- 

 man king and Roman emperor, 

 known from the redness of his 

 beard as Barbarossa. Son of the 

 duke of Swabia, nephew of the Ger- 

 man king Conrad III, and a mem- 

 ber of the family of Hohenstaufen, 

 Frederick became duke of Swabia 

 in 1 147 and was chosen king on his 

 uncle's death in 1152. Three years 

 later he was crowned emperor by 

 the pope at Rome. His empire 

 included Germany and parts of 

 Italy ; the kings of Poland, Bohe- 

 mia, and Hungary at one time or 

 another recognized him as their 

 superior ; and by his marriage he 

 added Franche Comte to the lands 



FREDERICK I 



inherited from his father and uncle. 

 In Germany Frederick showed him- 

 self a strong and able ruler. He 

 would tolerate 

 no rival to his 

 own power, and 

 easily crushed 

 the rebellions 

 engineered by 

 turbulent 

 princes.* The 

 dukeof Bavaria 

 washumiliated, 

 and so, in 1181, 

 was the power- 

 ful duke of Sax- 

 ony, Henry the 

 Lion, his duchy 

 being broken 

 up and he him- 

 self sent into 

 exile. A little 

 later the pope 

 instigated some 

 of the German 

 prelates to re- 

 bel, but again 

 the emperor 

 was too strong 

 for them. 



The eventful 

 years of Fred- 

 erick's life, however, were spent in 

 'Italy, where he came into conflict 

 with the rich cities of Lombardy. 

 In 1158 began his long quarrel 

 with Pope Alexander III. In 1160 

 the emperor was excommunicated, 



Frederick I, 

 German king, from 

 a relief at Reichen- 



faall, Bavaria 



Frederick L The delegates of the Doge and Pope Alexander III appearing 



before Frederick Barbarossa to resist his claims. From the picture in the ducal 



palace, Venice 



