FRESHFIELD 



3347 



FRETWORK 



D. W. Freshfield, 

 British traveller 



Freshfield, DOUGLAS WILLIAM 

 (b. 1845). British traveller. Born 

 April 27, 1845, and educated at 

 Eton and Uni- 

 v e r s i t y Col- 

 >go, Oxford, 

 lie was called 

 to the Bar in 

 1870. An ar- 

 dent moun- 

 taineer,in!869 

 he was the first 

 to climb Mt. 

 K a s b e k 

 (16,545ft.), in 



fi<oii*nr t he Caucasus. 



In 1899 he made an expedition to 

 Sikkim, and journeyed round 

 Kangchenjunga. He travelled in 

 Uganda, Syria, Algiers, Caucasus, 

 Armenia, etc. Member of the 

 Council of the Royal Geogra- 

 phical Society in 1878, he was 

 vice-president" 1906-13, and presi- 

 dent 1914-16. He was president of 

 the Alpine Club, 1893-95, and 

 chairman of the Society of Authors, 

 1908-9. He has published several 

 books of travel, notably Travels in 

 the Central Caucasus and Bashan, 

 1869; The Italian Alps, 1875; 

 Round Kangchenjunga, 1903. 



Freshwater. Parish and water- 

 ing-place of the Isle of Wight, 

 England. It stands on the river 

 Yar, 1 m. S.W. of Yarmouth. It 

 is the terminus of the I.W. Central 

 Rly. Its parish church, built on 

 the site of an older edifice, retains 

 a Norman doorway, a 12th century 

 arcade, and a memorial brass of 

 1390. Lady Tennyson was buried 

 here. Freshwater cliffs attain a 

 height of nearly 500 ft. Lord 

 Tennyson resided for some time 

 at Farringford House, in the 

 neighbourhood, and a monument is 

 erected in his memory on High 

 Down. Pop. 3,192. 



Fresh-water Deposits. Rocks 

 containing fossil remains of fresh- 

 water organisms, chiefly molluscs 

 and plants. They occur most fre- 

 quently in secondary and tertiary 

 formations. In secondary rocks 

 the fossil molluscs belong to types 

 still li ving in fresh waters (e.g. Lim- 

 neaea, Planorbis, Unio). Remains 

 of land-mammals, reptiles, and 

 land-plants are also found in these 

 beds. The Old Red Sandstone with 

 fossil mussel-like shells, and fish of 

 ancient type, showing similarities 

 to the Polypterus at present in- 

 habiting the Nile, is a notable 

 example of fresh -water deposits of 

 the primary period. 



The Purbeck beds, including as 

 fossils remains of fresh-water shells, 

 ostracods, and mammalian bones 

 and teeth, are a secondary deposit 

 of this type. In the Tertiary (Oligo- 

 cene) rocks of Isle of Wight occur 

 fossils of similar affinities. Many 



fresh-water limestones, as in Isle 

 of Wight, have been formed by 

 action of lowly plants (Chara), 

 which secrete lime contained in the 

 water. Fresh-water deposits are 

 often of great thickness, but having 

 baen laid down in lakes and estu- 

 aries, are of limited extent in 

 comparison with the vast areas 

 of marine deposition. See Geology ; 

 Rocks. 



Fresnel, AUQUSTIN JEAN (1788- 

 1827). French physicist. Born at 

 Broglie on May 10, 1788, he worked 

 first as an engineer, and later made 

 researches in optics, doing valuable 

 work in connexion with the un- 

 dulatory theory of light. He de- 

 duced the mathematical results of 

 Thomas Young's experiments, and 

 explained the interference of polar- 

 ised as well as ordinary light. He 

 died July 14, 1827. 



Fresnes. Name of several vil- 

 lages of France prominent in the 

 Great War: (1) in dept. of Pas- 

 de-Calais, 4 m. S. of Drocourt, not- 

 able in the third battle of Arras, 

 April-May, 1917, and captured by 

 the British, Oct. 8th, 1918. (2) in 

 dept. of Meuse, known also as 

 Fresnes-en-Woevre. It is near Les 

 fiparges and N. of S. Mihiel. It was 

 conspicuous in the French oper- 

 ations in the S. Mihiel salient, April, 

 1915, and was captured by the 4th 

 U.S. div., Sept., 1918; (3) in dept. 

 of Nord, 5 m. N. of Valenciennes, 

 captured by the British, Nov., 1918 ; 

 (4) in dept. of Somme, 3 m. N. of 

 Chaulnes, and 7 m. S.W. of Peronne. 

 Captured by the French in the spring 

 of 1917, it was re-taken by the Ger- 

 mans in the spring of 1918, and 

 was re-captured by the Allies in the 

 autumn of 1918. See Arras, Third 

 battle of ; Sambre, Battle of the. 



Fresnillo. Town of Mexico, in 

 the state of Zacatecas. It stands 

 on the slopes of the Cerro del Pro- 

 ano, about 7,000 ft. above sea-level, 

 and is 36 m. N.W. of Zacatecas by 

 the Mexican Central Rly. The chief 

 industry is the working of the 

 silver and copper mines, discovered 

 in the middle of the 16th cent. ; 

 agricultural pursuits and stock- 

 rearing are engaged in. Pop. 6,750. 



Fresno. City of California, 

 U.S.A., the co. seat of Fresno co. 

 It lies in the valley of the San 

 Joaquin, 200 m. S.E. of San Fran- 

 cisco, and is served by the Atchison, 

 Topeka, and Santa Fe and the 

 Southern Pacific rlys. Irrigation is 

 largely resorted to in the neighbour- 

 hood, which produces grain and 

 grapes in considerable quantities. 

 Petroleum is obtained, and mining 

 and stock-rearing are carried on. 

 The chief industrial establishments 

 include preserved fruit, wagon, and 

 macaroni factories, flour mills, 

 and an oil refinery. The federal 



building, a city hall, and a public 

 library are notable buildings. 

 Founded in 1872, Fresno received 

 a city charter in 1885. Pop. 28,810. 

 Fresnoy. Village of France in 

 the dept. of Pas-de-Calais. It is 



4 m. S.E. of Lens, and slightly N. 

 of Oppy. Captured by the 1st 

 Canadian div., May 3, 1917, it was 

 retaken by the Germans on May 8, 

 and finally regained by the British, 

 Oct. 6, 1918. Fresnoy-le-Grand is 



5 m. N.E. of St. Quentin in the 

 dept. of Aisne. It was captured 

 by the Allies in the great offensive 

 of the autumn of 1918. Fresnoy- 

 les-Roye, near Roye, was the scene 

 of heavy fighting Aug. 13-20, 1918. 

 See Arras, Third Battle of ; Le 

 Cateau, Second Battle of. 



Fret. In heraldry, inascle inter- 

 laced by a cotice and a baton. A 

 shield fretty is covered with a 

 trellis or interlaced diagonal bands. 

 The trellis may be nailed or cloue. 

 See Ordinary. 



Fret. Little ridge upon the 

 fingerboard of some stringed in- 

 struments to mark the point at 

 which the player's finger must 

 shorten the vibrating length of 

 string to produce a certain note. 

 On the violin and its larger relatives 

 the fingerboards are plain, and the 

 player's sense of position and pitch 

 is his sole guide ; but the older 

 viols had fretted fingerboards, as 

 have also the popular plucked in- 

 struments such as the lute, man- 

 dolin, guitar, and banjo. See 

 Fingerboard. 



Fretwork (O.F. frete, trellis 

 work). Carved woodwork in per- 

 forated patterns. The wood used 

 should be of fine grain, such as 

 satinwood, walnut, lacewood, syca- 

 more, lime or maple. The strongest 

 is three-ply, being made of three 

 sheets of thin veneer rolled and 

 cemented together, the grain of the 

 middle sheet crossing that of the 

 others. The usual thickness is a 

 quarter inch, though inch thick 

 wood is used sometimes. v 



The chief tools are a saw, drill, 

 and bradawl ; a fret-saw board 

 and carving board being also 

 necessary. The former is a piece of 

 ordinary wood with a V-shaped 

 opening at the front which allows 

 the saw to be moved freely. The 

 buhl saw, chiefly used, is a three- 

 sided frame of steel or wood, of 

 which the fourth side is formed by 

 the saw, often no thicker than a 

 thread. The wood to be carved 

 being placed on the sawing-board, 

 a hole having been drilled through 

 it, the saw, detached at one end, is 

 passed through the hole, then refast- 

 ened in its frame to work from that 

 centre. A fret-machine is an elabo- 

 ration of the saw and allows both 

 hands to be free for the necessary 



