FREUD 



guidance. Fretwork in wood became 

 popular for amateurs between 1870- 

 80; but metal cutting, a branch 

 of fretwork, for which the same 

 method and tools are used, is of 

 earlier origin. In architecture fret- 

 work is the carved ornament, con- 

 sisting of intersecting lines in relief, 

 used as ceiling decoration. See Buhl. 

 Freud, SIGMUND (b. 1856). Aus- 

 trian scientist. Born at Freiberg, 

 Moravia, May 6, 1856, he was edu- 

 ^^^^^^^^^^ cated hi Vien- 

 I na, and after 

 I studying i n 

 I Paris and else- 

 MBI : -^- I where, was ap- 



1 pointed pro- 

 jjBjf' X .JBfj I fessor of the 

 I therapeutics 

 mji^Sm I of neurotic 

 HlBilkJHHI diseases at 

 Sigmund Freud, Vienna. 

 Austrian scientist F reu d made 



the discovery that many neurotic 

 affections such as hysteria were 

 due to a conflict between the con- 

 scious and the unconscious parts of 

 the mind, the conscious endeavour- 

 ing to act in conformity with social 

 training and the restraints of civili- 

 zation, while the unconscious was 

 endeavouring to find an outlet for 

 primitive tendencies which had 

 been suppressed or partially sup- 

 pressed by the patient. By 

 gradually bringing the suppressed 

 material into consciousness so that 

 the patient understood his mental 

 conflict, the symptoms were found 

 to disappear. For this purpose 

 Freud devised" the method known 

 as psycho-analysis, a process which 

 may be employed in investigation 

 of any form of "fantasy, but is most 

 often applied to dreams, which 

 Freud considers represent in a 

 disguised and symbolic manner the 

 gratification of suppressed wishes. 

 Freud's chief works which have 



3348 



been translated into English are : 

 Selected Papers on Hysteria, 1895, 

 2nd ed. 1912 ; Interpretation of 

 Dreams, 3rd ed. 191 3 ; Delusion and 

 Dream, 1917 ; Psychopathology of 

 Everyday Life, 1901, new ed. 1914 ; 

 Three Contributions to the Theory 

 of Sex, 1905, 3rd ed. 1918 ; Totem 

 and Taboo ; 1913, new ed. 1919. 

 See Dream; Psycho-analysis. 



Freudenstadt (Ger., town of 

 joy). Town of Wurttemberg, Ger- 

 many. It stands on the river Murg, 

 40 m. S.W. of Stuttgart. It has 



Fretwork. Treadle tret-saw. Above, 

 cabinet made entirely of fretwork 



By courtesy of Hobbies, Ltd. 



some small manufactures and a 

 trade in timber ; owing to its mild 

 climate it is a health resort. There 

 is a Rathaus and a remarkable old 

 church consisting of two naves at 

 right angles to each other, restored 

 in the 19th century. The town 

 has a theatre, baths, and other 

 attractions for visitors. It was 

 founded in 1599 by the duke 

 of Wurttemberg for Protestants 

 driven from Salzburg. Pop. 8,000. 

 Freyberg, BERNARD CYRIL (b. 

 1890). British soldier. Born in 

 London, he was educated at Wel- 

 ling ton Col- 

 lege, New Zea- 

 land, and be- 

 came a lieuten- 

 ant in the N.Z. 

 territorial 

 army. On the 

 outbreak of 

 the Great War 

 he came to 

 London, and 

 joined the R. 

 Naval Division, serving at Antwerp, 

 the Dardanelles, and in France 

 (1914-18). He won the D.S.O. in 

 April, 1915, in the Gulf of Xeros, 

 and the V.C. for brilliant leading 

 on the Ancre, Nov., 1916, where 

 he organized the attack on Beau- 

 court. He was brigadier-general 

 with the 29th division, 1917-18. 

 See Beaumont-Hamel. 



Freycinet, CHARLES Louis DE 

 SAULCES DE (1828-1923). French 

 statesman and engineer. Born at 



Bernard C. Freyberg, 

 British soldier 



C. L. de Freycinet, 

 French statesman 



FREYTAG 



Foix, Nov. 14, 

 1828, he be- 

 came chief en- 

 gineer for the 

 Midi Rly. in 

 1856. Prefect 

 of the dept. 

 of Tar n-et- 

 Garonne, and 

 assistant to 

 Gambetta at 

 the ministry of 

 war, 1870, he retired after the armis- 

 tice, but was elected senator for the 

 Seine dept. in 1876. He was minister 

 of public works in two ministries 

 between 1877-79, president of the 

 council and foreign minister, 1879- 

 80 and in 1882 and 1886, foreign 

 minister under Brisson, 1885-86 

 (when his life was attempted, Oct. 

 29, 1885), and minister of war in 

 six different cabinets between 

 1888-99. In 1882 he was appointed 

 inspector-general of mines. 



No statesman held office more 

 often under the third republic, and 

 Freycinet's record included ex- 

 tensive reorganization of the rly. 

 and canal systems of France, and 

 reforms in the administration of 

 French protectorates, and in the 

 war office. The author of many 

 books on scientific and political 

 matters, he was elected to the 

 French Academy in 1890. He 

 died on May 15, 1923. Pron. 

 Fraysineh. 



Freyja. Goddess of love and 

 healing in Norse mythology. Two 

 white cats drew her chariot and 

 she could fly in a magic feather skin. 

 Her house in Asgard was Folkvang, 

 where she received the souls of 

 half the slain from Odin. She wept 

 tears of gold for her absent hus- 

 band, Odr. 



Freyr OR FREY. Norse god of 

 rain, sunshine, and fruitfulness, 

 especially worshipped in Sweden. 

 Brother of Freyja, his house in 

 Asgard was Alfheim. He possessed 

 the Sword of Victory and also 

 Skidbladna, a ship which could 

 carry all the gods and yet be folded 

 into his bag. He gave away the 

 sword to win Gerda, a giant 

 maiden, and thus was conquered 

 in the last great fight. 



Freytag, GTTSTAV (1816-95). 

 German novelist and dramatist. 

 Born at Kreuzberg, Silesia, July 

 13, 1816, he 

 studied philos- 

 ophy at Breslau 

 and Berlin, and 

 taught for a 

 time in Breslau 

 University. Re- 

 moving to Ber- 

 lin, he edited 

 D i e Grenzbo- 

 ten, 1847-61. 

 His comedy 



Gustav Freytag, 

 German novelist 



