FRICTION TUBE 



3350 



FR1EDRICHSHAFEN 



and all movement would have to 

 be by the use of cog wheels or some 

 similar arrangement. The friction 

 of fluids and gases is properly 

 called viscosity (q.v.). See Force. 

 Friction Tube. Device em- 

 ployed for firing the charges in 



would be impossible to walk, drive Friday is the Mahomedan sabbath. 

 a tram along ordinary rails, etc.. The epithet Black is given to vari- 

 ous disastrous Fridays, e.g. May 11, 

 1866, when the failure of the bank- 

 ing house of Overend, Gurney & 

 Co. caused a financial panic. The 

 Fridays in the ember weeks are 

 called Golden Fridays. 



Friday. Savage rescued by 



guns. It was adopted by the British Crusoe from the cannibals about to 

 service in 1853 to replace various sacrifice him, and named from the 

 adaptations of the flint lock, and day on which he was so rescued, 

 mechanisms utilising percussion See Robinson Crusoe, 

 caps, for firing cannon. With the Frideswide. English abbess 

 introduction of smokeless powders and patron saint of Oxford. Ac- 

 it was found necessary to provide cording to tradition, she was the 

 some means of preventing the daughter of Didan, viceroy of 

 escape of propellant gases from Oxford under Ethelbald, and Sax- 

 the vent, as otherwise serious frida his wife. At an early age she 

 erosion occurred, and vent -sealing 

 tubes were introduced. The fitting 

 is T-shaped, and is clamped in the 

 vent by the breech mechanism. 



The cross piece contains a rough- 

 ened rod, embedded in a pellet 



made a vow of chastity, and her 

 father built and made over to her 

 a church at Oxford, in connexion 

 with which she founded a nunnery, 

 and became herself its first abbess. 

 Persecuted by a Mercian noble 



of friction composition, provided named Algar, she took refuge for a 

 with a looped end for the attach- ' 

 ment of a lanyard, and secured by 

 a safety-pin. 



The stem of the tube has a maga- 

 zine filled with gunpowder, above 

 which is a diaphragm bored with 

 three fire holes, 

 communicating 

 with a tapered 

 channel which ex- 

 tends to the fric- 

 tion pellet, a soft 

 copper ball being loose In 

 the channel. The safety-pin 

 is removed when the tube 

 is fitted, and when the rod 

 is withdrawn by pulling the 

 lanyard, the friction compo- 

 sition ignites, and fires the 

 magazine, the bottom plug 

 being blown out and the 

 charge fired, while the pres- 

 wedges the 



time at Binsey, where she built an 

 oratory. After her death, in the 

 latter half of the 8th century, her 

 shrine became a centre of de- 

 votion, as did the well at Binsey, 

 which is said to have originated 



in answer to her 



prayers. Her 

 I remains are be- 

 ' lieved to rest in 



Christ Church 



Cathedral, one 



of the four chapels in which is 

 called after her. 



S. Frideswide's nunnery was 

 taken over by Austin Canons in 

 1004, and suppressed in 1525 by 

 Wolsey,who replaced it by Cardinal 

 College. Frideswide was canonised 

 in 1481, has been regarded as Ox- 

 ford's patron saint since 1180, and 

 her festival is still kept at Oxford 

 on Oct. 19, 



T tube used in the though it dis- 

 appeared from 



British army 



friction tube has largely been super- 

 by electric and percussion 

 tubes, but is still largely used by 



copper balf against Friction Tube, 

 the sides of the 



taper channel and the body of the the English Church calendar at the 



magazine against the walls of the Reformation. In addition to the 



vent, so preventing any escape of church at Oxford, 1870-72,churches 



gas. In the British service the at Frilsham (Berks), Poplar, and at 



Borny, near Boulogne, are dedi- 

 cated to her. See Christ Church ; 

 Oxford ; consult also Early History 



other powers for all guns except of Oxford, J. Parker, 1885 ; The 



quick-firing ones which use fixed Story of S. Frideswide, F. Goldie, 



ammunition. See Ammunition; 1881. 



Artillery; Ordnance. Friedland, BATTLE OF. Victory 



Friday. Sixth day of the week, of Napoleon over the allied 



The name comes from Frigg, the Russians and Prussians, June 14, 



old northern goddess of love, and 1807. The failure of Murat's 



corresponds to the Latin Dies attack on the Russian entrench- 



Veneris, day of Venus (cf. French ments at Heilsberg, June 10, de- 



vendredi). The day is regarded as termined Napoleon to march on 



unlucky from its connexion with Konigsberg. Bennigsen resolved to 



Christ's crucifixion, which is speci- thwart this plan, and early onjJune 



ally celebrated on Oood Friday 

 (q.v.). In the Roman Catholic Church 

 it is a day of abstinence, except 

 when Christmas falls on that day. 



14 met Lannes' corps at Fried- 

 land, on the river Alle, 26 m. S.E. 

 of Konigsberg. Owing to Lannes' 

 stubborn resistance, Bennigsen 



could do no more than cross the 

 Alle and hold him in check until the 

 arrival of Napoleon. The Allies 

 were now in a serious position. 

 Behind them, in an irregular arc, 

 lay the Alle, across which their only 

 line of retreat lay over the bridges 

 of Friedland. 



The battle began at 6 p.m. Ney 

 was ordered to attack Friedland, 

 but his advance was checked by 

 a furious charge of the Russian 

 cavalry. Victor was hurried to his 

 assistance, and an artillery concen- 

 tration turned on the Russians, 

 which, seconded by an irresistible 

 dragoon charge, turned the tide of 

 battle. A rout ensued, and the 

 Russians, pursued by Ney, fled 

 through Friedland and across the 

 river. The numbers engaged were : 

 French, 70,000, and Allies, 55,000. 

 The Allies lost 20,000 killed and 

 wounded, the French little over 

 9,000. Ten days later Napoleon 

 met the tsar Alexander on a raft 

 in the middle of the Niemen, and 

 the treaty of Tilsit was concluded. 



Friedlander, LUDWIG (1824- 

 1909). German scholar. Born at 

 Konigsberg, Dec. 16, 1824, after 

 studying there and at Leipzig, in 

 1858 he became professor of clas- 

 sical philology and archaeology in 

 his native place. The work which 

 established his reputation is Dar- 

 stellungen aus der Sittengeschichte 

 Roms (1862-71, 9th ed. 1919, etc. ; 

 Eng. trans. Roman Life and Man- 

 ners under the Early Empire, 

 1908-13), a perfect mine of infor- 

 mation, but written in an unattrac- 

 tive style. His editions of Martial, 

 Juvenal, and Petronius Cena Tri- 

 malchionis are also of considerable 

 value. He died at Strasbourg, Dec. 

 24, 1909. 



Friedrich, JOHANN (1836-1917). 

 German theologian. Born at Pox- 

 dorf, May 5, 1836, he was ap- 

 pointed to the chair of theology at 

 Munich in 1865. Refusing to ac- 

 cept the decree of papal infalli- 

 bility, 1869, he was deposed and 

 excommunicated, 1871, and sup- 

 ported for a time the Old Catholic 

 movement. In 1882 he became 

 professor of history at Munich. He 

 was the author of many contro- 

 versial works. He died Aug. 11, 

 1917. 



Friedrichshafen. Town of 

 Wiirttemberg, Germany. It stands 

 on the lake of Constance, and con- 

 sists of the two parts, Hofen and 

 Buchhorn. It has a harbour on the 

 lake, built by Frederick I, king of 

 Wurttemberg, who united the two 

 places and gave the town its pre- 

 sent name. The chief building is 

 the palace, at one time used by the 

 ex -kaiser William II. It stands in 

 wooded grounds to the W. of the 

 town, and has an interesting chapel. 



