FR1TILLAR1A 



3356 



FROEBEL SOCIETY 



Derby Day, 1858; The Railway 

 Station. 1862; Private View at 

 the R.A., 1881. Dickens was 

 among Frith' s eariy friends. He 

 died in London, Nov. 2, 1909. See 

 Ashton, Lucy ; Dickens, illus. 



FritiUaria. In zoology, the name 

 applied generically to certain As- 

 cidians, commonly called sea 

 squirts, of the free swimming class. 

 In botany it is given to a large 

 genus of Liliaceae. (See Snakes- 

 head.) Fritillary is the name given 

 to several species of butterfly of the 

 Argynnis and allied genera. Sev- 

 eral of these are native in Great 

 Britain. See Butterfly, colour plate. 

 Friuli. District of Italy, at one 

 time an independent duchy. It 

 lies around the head of the Adriatic 

 and was, before 1918, partly in 

 Austria and partly in Italy. It is 

 about 3,300 sq. m. in area, and has 

 a pop. of about 700,000. The Isonzo 

 and the Tagliamento flow through 

 it, and there was much fighting 

 here during the Great War. The 

 adjective for Friuli is Fuiianian. 



The district takes its name from 

 the Roman settlement of Forum 

 Julii, the later Cividale (q.v.). The 

 Lombards ruled it for some cen- 

 turies, after which it passed from 

 one ruler to another. Venice se- 

 cured part ol it, while eastern 

 Friuli was added about 1500 to the 

 lands of the house of Austria. In 

 1797 Austria obtained the Venetian 

 portion, which she retained in 1815. 

 In 1866 the new kingdom of Italy 

 was given the part that had 

 previously belonged to Venice, and 

 so matters remained until the 

 Great War. After then Austrian 

 Friuli was claimed by both Italy 

 and Yugo-Slavia, but by the treaty 

 of Rapallo (1920) the whole be- 

 came Italian. The capital of the 

 district is Udine (q.v.). 



FrobenoR FEOBENIUS, JOHANNES 

 (c. 1460-1527). German scholar- 

 printer. Born at Hammelburg, 

 Franconja, and educated at Basel 

 University, he opened at Basel, 

 1491, a printing office, where he 

 printed many of the works of Eras- 

 mus, a close friend, a Latin Bible, 

 a Greek Testament, edited by Eras- 

 mus and illustrated by Holbein, 

 and editions of the Latin Fathers. 

 Frobisher, SIR MARTIN (c.1535- 

 94). English sailor. Born in York- 

 shire, he made a voyage to Guinea 

 in 1564. and spent some years in 

 voyages to the Levant and N. 

 Africa. In 1575 he was com- 

 missioned by the Muscovy Com- 

 pany to search for the North-West 

 Passage, and set out on June 7, 

 1576, with two ships of 25 and 20 

 tons respectively, sighted Green- 

 land, where he lost the smaller 

 vessel, and reached Frobisher Bay 

 in N. America. 



Sir Martin Frobisher, 

 English sailor 



Returning to 

 England, Fro- 

 bisher repeated 

 the voyage in 

 1577 as admiral 

 of the company 

 of Cathay, and 

 brought back 

 200 tons of 

 p y r i t i c ore, 

 which he in- 

 correctly be- 

 lieved con- 

 tained gold. In 1579 he made a 

 third voyage, and discovered a 

 new strait, but did not make any 

 survey. In 1586 he was vice- 

 admiral to Drake's expedition to 

 the W. Indies, and, in command 

 of the Triumph, helped to defeat 

 the Armada (1588). He was 

 knighted for his gallantry. He was 

 vice-admiral to Sir John Hawkins 

 in 1590, being sent by Raleigh to 

 harry the Spanish coast in 1591. 

 Mortally wounded in the sea at- 

 tack against Brest, then held by 

 the Spaniards, he died at Plymouth, 

 Nov. 22, 1594. 



Frobisher Bay. Inlet off the 

 coast of British N. America. 

 Long and comparatively narrow, 

 it cuts into the eastern end of 

 Baffin Land from the Atlantic. 

 Its length is about 250 m., and its 

 breadth about 20. It is about 

 200 m. S. of the Arctic circle. 



Frock ( late Lat. froccus ). Word 

 used as both noun and verb. In 

 the former sense it is applied to a 

 monastic robe, with loose sleeves, 

 reaching to the feet ; to a dress 

 worn by women and girls ; to a 

 rough worsted garment (strictly, 

 Guernsey frock) worn by sailors 

 over or in place of a shirt ; and to 

 a double-breasted, skirted coat 

 worn by men and properly called a 

 frock coat. As a verb the word to 

 frock means, figuratively, to make 

 a man a monk or priest. To un- 

 frock means to deprive monk or 

 ecclesiastic of his privileges as such. 

 See Costume ; Gown ; Smock. 



Froding, GUSTAF (1860-1911). 

 Swedish poet. Born in Vaerm- 

 land, Aug. 22, 1860, and educated 

 at Karlstad and Upsala, he after- 

 wards joined the staff of the Karl- 

 stad paper, and wrote occasional 

 verse. Spending some time in 

 Germany, he studied English and 

 German lyrical poetry, from which 

 he made various translations. His 

 first book, Guitar and Concertina, 

 1891. was an immediate success. 

 New Poems, 1894, and other books 

 were issued, 1894-98, and in 1901-2 

 his collected works were published. 

 Much of his verse was written 

 in dialect. 



Froding' s original humour and 

 spontaneity, vivid portrayal of 

 Swedish life, lyrical perfection, 



and pithy language, which has 

 already influenced the Swedish 

 tongue, have placed him first 

 among modern Swedish poets. His 

 last years were spent mostly in 

 hospital, but in 1910 he published 

 a volume of poems,Second Harvest. 

 A selection of Eroding's poems was 

 translated by C. N. Stork, 1916. 



Frodsham. Parish and market 

 town of Cheshire, England. It is 

 10 m. N.E. of Chester, and has a 

 station on the Chester-Manchestei 

 rly. It has a Norman church, dedi 

 cated to S. Lawrence, and restored 

 in the 19th century, a town hall, 

 and, formerly, a castle. The chief 

 industries are the manufacture of 

 chemicals, salt, and cotton. Frods- 

 ham Marshes is a low-lying area be- 

 tween the Weaver and the Mersey, 

 which rivers meet near here. Pop. 

 3,000. 



Froebel, FRIEDRICH WILHELM 

 AUGUST (1782-1852). German edu- 

 cational reformer. Born at Ober- 

 w e i s s b a c h, 

 April 2 1,1 782, 

 he spent his 

 youth in the 

 heart of the 

 Thuringian 

 Forest, where 

 his long ob- 

 servation o f 

 nature gave 



him many of the ideas which later 

 marked his teachings. He studied 

 at Jena, 1801, and at Gottingen, 

 1811, teaching in the interval. In 

 1813 he served in the War of 

 Liberation in Liitzow's corps. 

 In 1816 he opened a small school at 

 Griesheim, Thuringia, transferred 

 later to Keilhau. 



His book/The Education of Man, 

 appeared in 1826, and he did im- 

 portant work in training teachers 

 at Burgdorf, Switzerland, be- 

 tween 1833-37. He opened his 

 first kindergarten (children's gar- 

 den) in Blankenburg, near Keilhau, 

 in 1837, by which date his prin- 

 ciples were making headway. 

 Lecturing, writing, and teaching, 

 Froebel spent his remaining years 

 busily, and died June 21, 1852. 

 See Froebel System. 



Froebel Society. Society 

 founded to assist in the dissemina- 

 tion of the Froebel system of 

 child education. It organizes 

 lectures for teachers, students, and 

 all persons interested in early edu- 

 cation, maintains a library, and 

 Fu Wishes periodical proceedings, 

 ts headquarters are at 4, Blooms- 

 bury Square, London, W.C. The 

 society is represented on the 

 examination board of the National 



