the Frome, 24 m. by rly. S.E. of 

 Bristol on the G.W.R. Brewing, 

 printing, and the manufacture of 

 cloth are the chief occupations, the 

 woollen industry having greatly 

 declined. The parish church, a 

 Decorated building dating from the 

 14th century, was restored on a 

 magnificent scale in the 19th. There 

 are also a museum, market hall, and 

 grammar school. Market days,Wed. 

 and Sat. Pop. 10,901. Pron. Froom. 



Frome. Lake of S. Australia. It 

 lies in the Eastern Plains, 50 m. E. 

 of the Flinders Range. About 50 m. 

 long from N. to S., it is 25 m. wide 

 from E. to W. The Wilpena river 

 issues from its S. extremity. 



Fromelles. Village of France, 

 in the dept. of Nord. It is 6 m. 

 N.E. of Festubert, and came into 

 prominence during the Great War, 

 especially in the Allied offensive of 

 the spring of 1915. The British 

 attacked the Germans here on May 

 9. See Aubers Ridge, Attack on 

 the; Festubert, Battle of. 



Fromentin, EUGENE (1820-76). 

 French painter and writer. Born 

 near La Rochelle, he studied under 

 Cabat and painted Algerian life and 

 landscape. He is better known, 

 however, as the writer of A Sum- 

 mer in the Sahara, A Year in the 

 Sahel, both models of the art of 

 word-painting, and of The Masters 

 of Past Time in the Low Countries, 

 a book of descriptive art-criticism. 

 He died Aug. 27, 1876. 



Fronde, THE. Name given to the 

 insurrection and civil war in France 

 under the regency of Anne of Aus- 

 tria and Cardinal Mazarin, 1648- 

 53. Its two phases are known 

 respectively as the parliamentary 

 Fronde and the Fronde of the 

 princes. The name comes from that 

 of a small sling used during the dis- 

 orders in Paris. 



In 1648 Mazarin sought the 

 sanction of the parliament of Paris 

 to fresh and burdensome taxes by 

 offering that body certain fiscal 

 exemptions. This the parliament 

 refused, and drew up forthwith a 

 series of 27 articles of constitutional 

 reform, forbidding the imposition 

 of unauthorised taxes, reducing 

 certain imposts, etc. After momen- 

 tarily yielding, the queen-regent 

 suddenly arrested the parliamen- 

 tary leaders, Broussel, Blancmesnil 

 and Charton. The Parisians raised 

 street barricades and the court 

 party was alarmed into releasing 

 the prisoners and granting the 

 required reforms. Mazarin, how- 

 ever, strengthened by the adher- 

 ence of Conde, obliged the parlia- 

 ment to sign the peace of Rueil, 

 March 11, 1649, with which the 

 first phase closed. 



Jealous of Mazarin' s power, how- 

 ever, Conde turned against him, 



3359 



but was arrested and imprisoned 

 with other malcontent nobles. 

 Conti and Longueville. Another 

 foe of the cardinal, Paul de Gondi, 

 a powerful ecclesiastic, stirred up 

 revolt in Paris, forcing the minister 

 to release Cond6 and to quit France- 

 early in 1651. He returned in Jan., 

 1652, whereupon Conde, with 

 Spanish aid, headed a powerful 

 movement against the court party. 

 Raising an army in the south, he 

 defeated the royal forces at 

 Bleneau, and, despite Turenne's 

 able defence at the Faubourg S. 

 Antoine, occupied Paris. His un- 

 popularity forced him to leave in 

 July, when the court and the cardi- 

 nal returned. By the summer of 

 1653 the Fronde, in spite of a deter- 

 mined struggle in Guyenne, was 

 crushed, and this singularly un- 

 necessary civil war had ended in 

 the powers of the parliament of 

 Paris being severely curtailed and 

 the monarchical power correspond- 

 ingly consolidated. See France: 

 History; Mazarin. 



Front. Military term. In drill 

 it has been differently applied at 

 various periods, but at present it 

 indicates the direction in which 

 the troops face when in line, ir- 

 respective of whether the original 

 front rank is in front or in rear. In 

 war, the term front is employed to 

 indicate that part of the war area 

 in which the troops are in actual 

 fighting contact and so far behind 

 as is occupied by the immediate ad- 

 ministrative services of the fighting 

 troops and the reserves. 



In modern warfare, the depth of 

 the front has greatly increased 

 owing to the much higher power 

 and longer range of present-day 

 artillery, the heavy guns often 

 being situated several miles in 

 rear of the infantry units which 

 are in contact with the enemy's 

 troops. Consequently auxiliary 

 services which previously were en- 

 tirely employed on the lines of 

 communication are now required 

 to operate actually " at the front." 

 To facilitate organization a definite 

 sector of the front is allocated to 

 each unit. See Flank ; Tactics. 



Frontal Bone. In human beings 

 the bone which forms the forehead, 

 the upper margins of the orbits, 

 and the forepart of the skull. See 

 Anatomy; Man. 



Frontenac, Louis DE BUADE, 

 COMTE DE (1620-98). French gov- 

 ernor of Canada. He belonged to a 

 noble family of Beam, and served 

 in the French army with distinc- 

 tion. In 1672 he was sent out to 

 New France as governor, and held 

 that position until 1682, and again 

 from 1689-98. As a ruler he was 

 successful, but his autocratic 

 temper caused constant quarrels 



Louis de Frontenac, from the statue 



by P. Hebert, Provincial Parliament 



Buildings, Quebec 



with other high officials, especially 

 Laval-Montmorency, bishop of 

 Quebec. Frontenac died at Quebec, 

 Nov. 28, 1698. 



Frontinus, SEXTUS JULIUS (c. 

 A.D. 40-105). Roman soldier. While 

 governor of Britain from 75-78 he 

 gained a great victory over the 

 Silures of S. Wales. He was the 

 author of Strategematica, a collec- 

 tion of anecdotes of famous mili- 

 tary leaders, and of The Aqueducts 

 of Rome, an account of their con- 

 struction, arrangement, and main- 

 tenance, written after his appoint- 

 ment as curator aquarum or super- 

 intendent of the water-supply in 97. 



Fronto, MARCUS CORNELIUS. 

 Roman rhetorician. Born at Cirta 

 in Africa, he flourished in the 

 reigns of Hadrian and Marcus 

 Aurelius, with the latter of whom 

 he was on very friendly terms. As 

 an advocate and teacher of rhetoric 

 he amassed a large fortune, and was 

 raised to the consulship A.D. 143. 



A number of Fronto's letters, 

 including correspondence with Mar- 

 cus Aurelius, discovered by Cardi- 

 nal Mai at the beginning of the 19th 

 century, do not justify his great 

 reputation among his fellow- 

 countrymen, although they ex- 

 hibit him as a man of honourable 

 and upright character. 



His importance in the history of 

 Latin Literature lies in the fact 

 that he was the father of what was 

 called the elocutio novella, " partly 

 a return upon the style of the older 

 (pre- Ciceronian) Latin authors, 

 partly a new growth based, as 

 theirs had been, on the actual lan- 

 guage of common life " (Mackail). 

 This elocutio novella was destined 

 to be the parent of the Romance 

 languages. Fronto died about 170. 



