FRONT RANGE 



3360 



FROUDE 



Front Range. 'Name given to a 

 section of the Rocky Mts. It is the 

 most eastern part of the range, 

 hence its name. In the state of 

 Colorado, its chief peaks are Pike's 

 Peak and Long's Peak; both are 

 over 14,000 ft. high. See Rocky Mts. 



Frosinone. Town of Italy, in 

 the prov. of Rome; the ancient 

 Frusino. Built on a hill overlook- 

 ing the Cosa, an affluent of the 

 Sacco, 54 m. by rly. S.E. of Rome, 

 the town has many churches, holds 

 an annual fair, and is noted for its 

 wine. In former times its outskirts 

 were infested by brigands. Near 

 are remains of the Volscian city of 

 Frusino, conquered by the Romans 

 in 304 B.C. Pop. 11,646. 



Frost. Term used for the for- 

 mation of ice on ground, plants, 

 etc., sometimes called hoar frost or 

 rime. The formation of hoar frost 

 is due to the condensation of water 

 vapour on surfaces which are them- 

 selves at a temperature of less than 

 32 F. The frost consists of small 

 particles of ice, crystalline in struc- 

 ture, which often form the most 

 variegated patterns. Hoar frost is 

 in reality frozen dew. Frost coming 

 in late spring and early autumn is 

 often most injurious to crops, and 

 many methods of frost protection 

 are in use. A screen or light cover- 

 ing of any material helps to prevent 

 hoar frost on plants by lessening 

 the radiation of the plants' natural 

 heat ; fires, with plenty of warm 

 smoke, are effective, especially in 

 still air, when the smoke spreads 

 evenly ; and the ground itself may 

 be warmed by fires or flowing 

 water. 



Black frosts are long-continued 

 severe frosts, generally with ab- 

 sence of hoar or white frost, and 

 are so called because they kill or 

 blacken vegetation. Among the 

 great frosts of recent years in Great 

 Britain are those of 1890-91, lasting 

 for eight weeks, most severe in 

 England ; of Jan. and Feb., 1895, 

 the coldest Feb. known in Great 

 Britain, when ice 25 ins. in thick- 

 ness was measured on many waters; 

 and that of Feb., 1902. See Ice; 

 Meteorology. 



Frost, JOHN (d. 1877). English 

 Chartist. Son of a Monmouthshire 

 publican, and a tailor and draper 

 by trade, he was appointed mayor 

 of Newport in 1836, represented 

 Monmouthshire at the Chartist 

 convention of 1839, and was re- 

 moved from the commission of the 

 peace for seditious speeches. Hailed 

 as a popular champion, on Nov. 4, 

 1839, he led an armed mob into 

 Newport. The rising was easily 

 suppressed, and Froet was sen- 

 tenced to be hanged, drawn, and 

 quartered, but the sentence was 

 commuted to transportation for life 



to Van Diemen's Land. In 1856 he 

 received a free pardon and returned 

 to England. He died at Stapleton, 

 near Bristol, July 29, 1877. 



Frost-bite. Localised gangrene 

 of the tissues produced by exposure 

 to severe cold. The parts of the 

 body most likely to be involved are 

 the fingers and toes, owing to the 

 more sluggish circulation of the 

 blood in the extremities, and ex- 

 posed parts such as the nose and 

 ears. The first sign of frost-bite is 

 a patch of redness with slight 

 swelling and sometimes severe pain. 

 If the exposure continues the part 

 becomes white, hard, shrunken, 

 and waxy-looking, but without 

 pain, so that the individual may 

 be quite unaware of what is taking 

 place. Ultimately the affected part 

 becomes black and ulcerated. 



Treatment consists in very 

 gradual restoration of circulation 

 in the affected area. The patient 

 should be kept in a cold room, the 

 temperature of which is slowly 

 raised, and the frozen part rubbed 

 with snow or bathed with cold 

 water. If actual gangrene occurs 

 the part must be kept carefully 

 protected and aseptic until a line 

 of separation forms, and the sub- 

 sequent ulceration heals. 



Frostburg. Town of Maryland, 

 U. S. A. , in Allegheny co. A favour- 

 ite summer resort, it occupies an 

 elevated position about 2,150 ft. 

 above sea level, and is 12 m. W. of 

 Cumberland, on the Cumberland 

 and Pennsylvania and the West 

 Maryland rlys. It contains a state 

 normal school, and among its 

 industries are founding and the 

 manufacture of hosiery, bricks, and 

 tiles, but coal-mining is the leading 

 occupation. Settled in 1812, it 

 became a municipality in 1870. 

 Pop. 6,028. 



Frost Figure. Ice crystal for- 

 mations which appear under cer- 

 tain conditions of cold weather. 

 Figures, resembling ferns and often 

 over two feet in length, are fre- 

 quently formed by frost following 

 rain. See Snow Crystals. 



Froude, JAMES ANTHONY (1818- 

 94). British historian. Son of the 

 Rev. Robert Hurrell Froude, he 

 was born at 

 Dartington, 

 Devon, April 

 23, 1818. Edu- 

 c a t e d at 

 Westminster 

 School, in 1835 

 he entered 

 Oriel College, 

 Oxford, after- 

 wards becom- 

 ing a fellow 

 of Exeter. At Oxford Froude was 

 associated with the Tractarians, 

 but he never joined them, although 



James A. Froude, 

 British historian 



he took Holy Orders in 1844. In- 

 fluenced by Carlyle's books, he 

 broke with orthodox religion. He 

 expressed his changed views in 

 The Nemesis of Faith, 1848, gave 

 up his fellowship, and, as soon 

 as the law permitted, became a 

 layman once more. 



In 1849 Froude married. He 

 made the acquaintance of Charles 

 Kingsley, and, more important, of 

 (hrlvle, and set to work upon his 

 History of England from the Fall 

 of Wolsey to the Spanish Armada, 

 1856-70. It was completed in 

 twelve volumes and is the monu- 

 ment to Froude's life. No histori- 

 cal work was ever more deservedly 

 or more sharply criticised, and yet 

 its merits are as conspicuous as its 

 faults. The style is powerful, 

 graceful, and restrained, for 

 Froude, like Burke, is " one of the 

 great masters of the high and diffi- 

 cult art of elaborate composition." 

 But against this are blemishes 

 of partiality and worse, for critics 

 have asserted that, in pursuance of 

 his aim, the author did not hesitate 

 to misquote his authorities. As 

 pendants to this work Froude wrote 

 The Divorce of Catherine of Ara- 

 gon, 1891 ; The Spanish Story of 

 the Armada, 1892 ; and Lectures 

 on the Council of Trent, 1896. 



In other directions Froude's 

 writings led to acrimonious criti- 

 cism. His book, The English in 

 Ireland in the 18th century, 1871- 

 74, was resented by the Irish and 

 their friends. As the sequel to 

 an intimate friendship, Froude was 

 named as Carlyle's executor, and 

 he published some Reminiscences, 

 1881, Mrs. Carlyle's Letters, 1882, 

 and Life, 1882-84, which gave 

 a markedly unfavourable picture 

 of the relations between Carlyle 

 and his wife. For this Froude was 

 attacked on the ground of mis- 

 representations, and he replied 

 with two books : Carlyle's Life in 

 London ; and My Relations with 

 Carlyle. Another controversy arose 

 out of Froude's book, Oceana, or 

 England and her Colonies, 1886. 



Froude took an interest in poli- 

 tics, and was twice sent on missions 

 to S. Africa by Lord Beaconsfield's 

 government. In 1892 he succeeded 

 Edward A. Freeman as professor 

 of modern history at Oxford. He 

 died at Salcombe, Devon, Oct. 20, 

 1894. Froude's most delightful 

 work is in the four volumes of Short 

 Studies on Great Subjects, 1867- 

 82. He also wrote The Life and 

 Letters of Erasmus, 1894 ; an 

 historical romance, The Two Chiefs 

 of Dunboy, 1889 ; and for many 

 years edited Eraser's Magazine. 

 See Carlyle ; consult also Life 

 of Froude, Herbert Paul, 1905. 

 Prow. Frood. 



