FRYATT 



3366 



FUCINO 



Magazine, as an authority on 

 Italian Art, and a vigorous apolo- 

 gist of post-impressionism. He is 

 the author of a study of Giovanni 

 Bellini, 1899; Vision and Design, 

 1920 ; and edited Reynolds 1 !) Dis- 

 courses, 1905. In 1908 he was 

 European Art Adviser to the Metro- 

 politan Museum, New York. 



Fryatt, CHARLES (1872-1916). 

 British sailor. Born Dec. 2, 1872, 

 be entered the service of the G.E.R, j 

 as an able sea- 

 man. In 1904 

 he became chief 

 officer, obtained 

 his master's 

 c e r t i ficate in 

 ] 905, and in 

 1913 was pro- 

 muted captain. 

 When the Great 

 War broke out 

 he was in com- 

 mand of the G.E.R. steamer 

 Brussels, and helped to maintain 

 the service between Holland and 

 England. He was attacked and 

 escaped from a German submarine 

 on March 3, 1915, but on the 28th 

 of the same month he was attacked 

 again, and succeeded in ramming 

 the U-boat, an action for which he 

 received the thanks of the ad- 

 miralty. 



Bound from Holland to Tilbury 

 on June 23, 1916, he was captured 

 by a German destroyer, taken to 

 Zeebrugge and thence to Ruhleben. 

 Removed to Bruges, he was tried 

 by a court-martial on July 27, the 

 evidence of his log for March 28 

 being produced against him, was 

 condemned as a franc -tireur, and 

 shot the same evening. This was 

 an obvious injustice, as Fryatt was 

 wearing uniform and was in govern- 

 ment employ. 



The matter was raised after the 

 war, and considered by a German 

 commission of inquiry in April, 

 1919. It upheld the sentence, but 

 expressed regret for the haste 

 with which it had been executed. 

 Fryatt's body was brought to Eng- 

 land and buried at Dovercourt, 

 July 9, 1919. 



Fry'dek. Municipality in Silesia, 

 formerly part of the Austrian Em- 

 pire, now in Czecho -Slovakia. The 

 town is 16m. by rly. from Teschen, 

 on the boundary of Silesia. The 

 people make linens ; half of them 

 are Czechs, a third Germans, and 

 the rest Poles : most of them are 

 Roman Catholics. Pop. 9,000. Its 

 old name was Frie<l<-k. 



F.S.A. Abbrev. for Follow of 

 the Society of Antiquaries. 



F.S.S. Abbrev. for Fellow of the 

 Royal Statistical Society. 



Fuad OR AHMED FCTAD PASHA (b. 

 1808). Sultan of Egypt. Born in 

 Cairo, March 26, 1868, he was the 



Fuad, 

 Sultan of Egypt 



Fuchsia. Leaves and flowers of, left, 

 double fuchsia, and right, single fuchsia 



youngest son of the khedive 

 Ismail Pasha and brother of the 

 first sultan of Egypt, Hussein 

 Kamil, whom he succeeded Oct. 9, 

 1917. He was educated in Switzer- 

 land and Italy, |M|1||| mmi ._ ... 



passingthrough 

 the military 

 academy and 

 the artillery 

 school at Turin, 

 and becoming 

 an officer of the 

 13th regt. of ar- 

 tillery. He was 

 a candidate 

 for the new 

 throne of Al- 

 bama, but withdrew in order to 

 devote himself to Egyptian in- 

 terests. See Egypt. 



Fuad Pasha, MEHEMMED (1814- 

 69). Turkish statesman. Born at 

 Constantinople, Jan. 17, 1814, he 

 was trained as a surgeon, but en- 

 tered the diplomatic service in 

 1835. Having served as secretary 

 at the London embassy, he was sent 

 to St. Petersburg in 1848, and was 

 appointed special commissioner in 

 Egypt three years later. On his 

 return he became foreign minister, 

 but he served 

 with the army 

 during the Cri- 

 mean War, and 

 was delegate to 

 the Paris con- 

 ference of 1856. 

 Grand vizier in 

 1860, he visited 

 Europe with 

 Abdul-Aziz and 

 was received 

 in England, to 



Fuad Pasha, 

 Turkish statesman 



with distinction 



which country he had always shown 

 great friendliness. He died at Nice, 

 Feb. 12, 1869. 



Fucecchio. Town of Italy, in 

 the prov. of Florence. It stands on 

 the river Arno, 24 m W. of Flor- 

 ence. Pop. of the commune about 

 13,000. There was a lake of this 

 name in the prov. of Pisa, but it is 

 now drained. 



Fuchsia. Hardy and half-hardy 

 flowering shrubs, of the natural 

 order Onagraceae. They are na- 

 tives of Central America, whence 

 they were introduced in 1788. 

 Their colours are all shades and 

 mixtures of white, cream, pink, 

 purple, crimson, and violet. Green- 

 house sorts rarely attain a height of 

 more than 2 ft., but in warm open 

 districts, notably Devon and Corn- 

 wall, hardy species frequently grow 

 to 10 ft.-12 ft. 



Greenhouse kinds are propa- 

 gated chiefly by cuttings taken in 

 Jan. or Feb., in sandy soil, in a 

 temperature of about 75, lowering 

 it to 55 until June, when the 

 plants may be put out for summer 

 bedding. The open-air varieties do 

 well in any ordinary rich soil 

 against a wall, and may be planted 

 in autumn or spring. A perfectly 

 hardy and beautiful fuchsia, which 

 may be grown easily in any town 

 garden, is Riccarton's (F. Riccar- 

 toni). It has bright red blossoms, 

 with violet centres. The shrub 

 takes its name from the German 

 physician and botanist Leonhard 

 Fuchs (1501-66). 



Fuchsine. Aniline dye of great 

 commercial importance. Known 

 also as magenta red, roseine, ani- 

 line red, rubine, azaleine, harma- 

 linc, and erythro benzine, it was 

 discovered by Natanson in 1856. 

 Hof mann in 1 858 and Verguin and 

 Renard Freres et Franc of Lyons 

 in 1859 devised successful commer- 

 cial processes for its manufacture. 

 The two methods bywhichitismade 

 are (1) the "arsenic acid melt" 

 process, consisting of the oxidation 

 of a mixture of aniline, ortho- 

 toluidine and paratoluidine, known 

 as " aniline for red," with arsenic 

 acid; and (2) the nitrobenzol pro- 

 cess, in which " aniline for red " is 

 heated with nitrobenzene, ortho- 

 nitrotoluene, and para-nitrotoluene 

 in the presence of iron and hydro- 

 chloric acid. The second is more fre- 

 quently employed as the yield of 

 f uchsine is slightly larger. See Dyes. 

 Fucino. Former lake of Italy, 

 in the prov. of Aquila. It is 2 m. E. 

 of Avezzano and is now reclaimed, 

 being the largest lake ever drained 

 by artificial means. With a circum- 

 ference of about 36 m., a depth of 

 over 60 ft., and an alt. of 2,172 ft., 

 it had no outlet, and was liable to 

 great and dangerous fluctuations 

 in volume. To remedy this the 

 Emperor Claudius, in A.D. 52, had a 

 subterranean tunnel, 3 m. in 

 length, cut so that the water could 

 be discharged into the river (!;iri,^- 

 liano (Liris). This fell into disre- 

 pair, but Trajan repaired it. 



In 1854 the Roman banker, 

 Prince Giulio Torlonia, for the con- 

 sideration that the land reclaimed 



