FUKUSHIMA 



is on the opposite shore of the 

 stream. There are several good 

 streets, a citadel, and a public 

 garden. It is noted for its silk 

 industry. The town is the scat of 

 the prefecture of Fukuoka. This 

 name is borne by several other 

 towns in Japan. Pop. 101,100. 



Fukushima. Town of Japan, 

 on the island of Honshiu. It is 

 84 m. S.E. of Niigata and 170 m. 

 by rly. N.N.E. of Tokyo. Its 

 principal trade is connected with 

 silk and silkworm cocoons, which 

 are exported in large quantities. 

 Pop. 31,700. 



Fukushima, BARON (1853- 

 1919). Japanese soldier. Entering 

 the Japanese army as a drummer- 

 boy, he studied at Tokyo Univer- 

 sity, and joined the general staff 

 in 1875. Attache at Peking, 1882- 

 84, he was transferred to Berlin, 

 1887-92. In 1892-93 he accom- 

 plished a 9,000-mile horseback 

 ride from Berlin, to Vladivostok 

 by way of Russia and Siberia. He 

 was sent on missions to Egypt, 

 Turkey, Persia, Caucasia, Arabia, 

 India, Burma, and Siam, 1895-97. 

 General staff officer in the Man- 

 churian army during the Russo- 

 Japanese war (1904-5), he became 

 chief of the staff in 1906. In 1912 

 he became governor-general of 

 Kwang-tung. HediedFeb.18,1919. 



Fukuyama. Seaport of Japan, 

 on the island of Hokkaido. It 

 stands at the S.W. extremity of 

 the island, 53m. S.W. of Hakodate. 

 Formerly the most important sea- 

 port of Hokkaido, its trade has 

 declined, and most of its commerce 

 has been transferred to Hakodate, 

 now the premier port. There are 

 numerous temples and shrines, and 

 the town was once the chief resi- 

 dence of the lords of Matsumai. 

 There is another town of the same 

 name on the S. coast of Honshiu. 

 Pop. 15,000. 



Fula (Mandingan, reddish). 

 Dominant African people in the 

 W. Sudan, the plural being Fulbe 



Fula. 



Women of the Fula race 

 from Timbuctoo 



3370 



and the Hausa name Fulani. 

 Estimated at 8,000,000, and de- 

 scended from an early admixture 

 of Libyan if not pre -Libyan 

 and negro stocks, they are hand- 

 some, oval-faced, chestnut-hued, 

 straight-nosed, thin-lipped, and 

 curly-haired, with no negro odour. 

 In the 7th century they were still in 

 the uplands S. of Morocco ; by the 

 13th they were cattle-owning no- 

 mads, partly Islamised, in Bornu ; 

 by the 16th they reached Lake 

 Chad, and, after founding the 

 Sokoto kingdom (1807-1903), with 

 much Hausa intermingling, are 

 now a virile stock, three-fourths 

 Caucasian, dwelling from the 

 Atlantic coast to the Nile valley. 



They are compact in Futa - 

 Jallon, dominant in Sokoto and 

 Gando, where many have adopted 

 settled husbandry, and colonist in 

 Bornu, Baghirmi, and Wadai. The 

 ruling Mahometan aristocracies 

 are aggressive and intelligent, with 

 many mosques and schools. The 

 cow-Fulani or Bororoje are peace- 

 able booth-dwelling nomads. The 

 most easterly tribes are hostile to 

 Islam. See Africa : Languages. 



Fulcrum (Lat. fulcrum, a prop). 

 Fixed point in the mechanical 

 system of a lever about which the 

 lever can rotate. See Lever. 



Fulda. City of Germany, in the 

 Prussian prov. of Hesse-Nassau. It 

 stands on the Fulda, 69 m. N.E. of 

 Frankfort. The chief ecclesias- 

 tical building is the cathedral, 

 an 18th century edifice, modelled 

 on S. Peter's at Rome, with the 

 crypt of an older edifice. The 

 church of S. Michael is an interest- 

 ing old building, and there is the 

 church of S. Severus, dating from 

 the 15th century, and a convent, 

 now a college. Secular buildings 

 include the chateau, the town hall, 

 and the library, with a large and 

 valuable collection of books and 

 MSS. There are two squares and a 

 public park. The industries include 

 the manufacture of textiles, rly. 

 shops, and a trade in cattle and 

 agricultural produce. 



Fulda is noted for its abbey, 

 round which the town grew. This 

 was founded by S. Boniface in 744, 

 and was soon one of the greatest 

 Benedictine houses in Germany, 

 It was very rich ; its abbot became 

 a prince and a bishop, ranking as 

 one of the great prince-bishops "and 

 ruling a territory of some size. 

 This was secularised in 1802, and, 

 after belonging to various princes, 

 was divided between Hesse -Cassel 

 and Bavaria. Most of it is now 

 Prussian. From 1734 to 1804 there 

 was a university here. Pop. 17,500. 



Fulda, LUDWIG (b. 1862). Ger- 

 man dramatist. He was born at 

 Frankfort-on-Main, and at the age 



FULHAM 



of 20 wrote his 

 comedy Die 

 Auf rich ten. 

 This was fol- 

 lowed by other 

 similar works, 

 and in 1893 

 he would have 

 gained the 

 Schiller prize 

 with Der Talis- 

 man, a fairy 

 tale, had not the emperor vetoed 

 the grant. His principal plays were 

 Kaltwasser, 1903; Aus der Werk- 

 statt, 1904 ; Der Heimliche Konig, 

 1906; Herr Aladdin und die 

 Wunderlampe, 1912. 



Fulgurites (Lat. fulgur, light- 

 ning). Tubes formed in sandy soil, 

 and less commonly in rocks, by 



Ludwig Fulda. 

 German dramatist 



I 





Fulgurites. Specimens obtained a 



Maldonado, Uruguay 

 passage of lightning. This often 

 penetrates to a depth of many feet, 

 fusing the particles it encounters. 

 The glassy lining often produced in 

 tubes varies in size to more than 2 

 in s. in circumference. They are com- 

 mon on Mt. Ararat, the Alps, Py- 

 renees, and in Mexico and La Plata. 



Fulham. Metropolitan bor. and 

 parish of the co. of London. On the 

 Middlesex side of the Thames, S.E. 

 of Hammersmith, it has been a par- 

 ish since 1631 and a met. bor. since 

 1899. Its oldest building is Fulham 

 Palace, the ancient manor house of 

 the bishops of London, the court- 

 yard of which belongs to the time 

 of Henry VII. During the bishopric 

 of Frederick Temple a part of the 

 grounds now called Bishop's Park 

 was opened to the public. The 

 parish church of All Saints, a 

 Perpendicular structure, rebuilt 

 1880-81, near Putney Bridge, has 

 a 14th century tower, an organ by 

 Jordan, 1700, a fine peal of bells, 

 and some old monuments. 



Well served by motor-' buses and 

 the Underground and W. London 

 Extension Rlys., Fulham has a 

 town hall, free library, an old 

 pottery, and contains the grounds 

 of the Chelsea and Fulham foot- 

 ball clubs, and those of the Hur- 

 lingham club. Among eminent 

 names associated with the district, 

 which includes Parson's Green and 

 Walham Green, are those of Addi- 

 son, Bartolozzi, Burbago and Con- 

 dell, Sir T. Bodley, John Florio, 



