FULL SCORE 



3372 



FUMIGATION 



Full Score. Extended score of 

 a musical composition showing the 

 parts for various voices and 

 instruments on separate staves, 

 for a conductor's guidance or a 

 student's information. Many 

 different arrangements have been 

 used, but the following is the plan 

 of a typical modern score. The 

 names in roman type show the 

 instruments of the "classic orches- 

 tra, those in italics are the modern 

 additions or more rarely used 

 instruments. 



WOODWIND. Piccolo, Flutes, Haut- 

 boys, Clarinets, Bassoons, Double Bas- 

 soon. 



BRASS. Horns, Trumpets, Cornets, 

 Trombones, Bass Tuba. 



PERCUSSION. Kettle Drum, Side. 

 Drum, Triangle, Bass Drum. Cymbals. 



STRINGS. Harp, Violin I, Violin II, 

 Viola (Voices, if any, on separate staves), 

 Violoncello, Double Bass, Organ. 



Fulmar Petrel (Fulmarusglaci- 

 alis). Sea bird common in the 

 Hebrides and St. Kilda. These pet- 

 rels are usually grey on the back, 

 and white below, and measure 

 nearly 20 ins. in length. They 

 commonly follow whaling ships to 

 feed on the refuse blubber, and nest 

 on grassy slopes among the cliffs. 



Fulminate of Mercury (Lat. 

 fulminare, to lighten, thunder). 

 Sensitive and violently explosive 

 compound used for the initiation of 

 hi^h explosives. Discovered by 

 Howard in 1799, it has the com- 

 position HgC 2 N 2 2 . Owing to its 

 sensitive nature little was done 

 with it for some years, but by 1815 

 it was utilised for percussion caps. 



It is manufactured by dissolving 

 mercury in strong nitric acid and 

 adding this whilst warm to a large 

 quantity of ethyl alcohol in a glass 

 flask, from which the fumes pass 

 to condensers. Shortly after the 

 ingredients have been mixed reac- 

 tion commences, and if it should be 

 too violent is modified by the addi- 

 tion of more alcohol. About half an 

 hour after the start, fulminate is 

 deposited from the solution as fine 

 crystals, and when all reaction is 

 over the liquid is decanted off and 

 the product washed free from acid, 

 and stored under water until re- 

 quired for use. Occasionally ful- 

 minate is stored in a moist condi- 

 tion, but never dry, as it is decid- 

 edly less sensitive when it con- 

 tains at least 12 p.c. of water. 



Fulminate of mercury is a fine 

 crystalline powder, white to grey- 

 brown in colour, and has a density 

 of 4 -42. It has a sweetish metallic 

 taste and is very poisonous. It is 

 detonated by very moderate fric- 

 tion or percussion, by heating to 

 about 150 C. or by contact with 

 strong sulphuric acid.^If uncon- 

 fined, small quantities burn vio- 

 lently when ignited, but two sheets 

 of paper confine it sufficiently to 



cause violent detonation. Its most 

 remarkable and useful property is 

 its ability to cause the detonation of 

 other explosives, and it is doubtful 

 whether without the use of fulmi- 

 nate such high explosives as nitro- 

 glycerine, guncotton, picric acid, 

 trinitrotoluene, etc., would ever 

 have become commercial possibili- 

 ties. See Detonator ; Explosives. 



Fulminic Acid. Dibasic acid 

 which has not been obtained in the 

 free state. It was prepared com- 

 bined with mercury, as fulminating 

 mercury, by Howard in 1800, and 



Fulmar Petrel. A native of the 

 Hebrides and north coast of Scotland 



Lie big in 1822 showed that the 

 mercury iscombined with apeculiar 

 acid which he named f ulminic acid. 

 Fulnek. Town of Czecho- 

 slovakia in Moravia, formerly 

 in Austria-Hungary. In the ad- 

 ministration of Olmutz, it is 17m. 

 S. of Troppau. It has a cathe- 

 dral church of considerable archi- 

 tectural merit and a Capuchin con- 

 vent. It was for many years the 

 centre of the Moravian Brother- 

 hood, and in this connexion gave 

 its name to Fulneck, their settle- 

 ment in the W. Riding of Yorks. 



Fulton. City of New York, 

 U.S.A., in Oswego co. Standing on 

 the Oswego river and canal, it is 

 25 m. N.W. of Syracuse, and is 

 served by the New York Central and 

 other rlys. Settled in 1792 and incor- 

 porated in 1835, it was chartered as 

 a city in 1902, when Oswego Falls 

 was annexed. Pop. 13,303. 



Fulton, ROBERT (1765-1815). 

 American engineer. Born in Penn- 

 sylvania and poorly educated, in 

 his youth he 

 showed talent 

 as a painter, 

 and crossed to 

 London, where 

 he studied 

 under Ben- 

 jamin West. 

 Abandoning 

 art for engi- 

 ne e r i n g, in 

 1794 he inven- 

 tedvarious im- 

 provements for the canal systems, 

 and two years later went to Paris, 

 where he turned his attention to 



Robert Fulton, 

 American engineer 



-After Benjamin West 



the adaptation of the steam engine 

 for marine purposes. f ._; An ex- 

 periment in 1803 answered all his 

 hopes, and in 1807 he constructed 

 a larger vessel, the Clermont, in 

 New York, whither he had re- 

 turned the previous year. This 

 vessel was followed by the steam 

 frigate Fulton, in 1814. He died 

 Feb. 24, 1815. Though not the in- 

 ventor of marine engines, Fulton 

 was the first to apply steam 

 successfully to navigation. See 

 Robert Fulton and Steam Navi- 

 gation, T. W. Knox, 1886. 



Fulvia. Mistress of Curius, one 

 of the ringleaders in the conspiracy 

 of Catiline against the Roman re- 

 public in 63 B.C. It was she who 

 divulged the plot to the consul 

 Cicero. She is not to be confused 

 with the Fulvia who was the wife, 

 first of Clodius, and later of Antony. 



Fulwood. Urban dist. of Lanca- 

 shire, England. It has a station 

 on the L. & Y. Rly., and bar- 

 racks. It is within the parliamentary 

 borough of Preston. Pop. 6,578. 



Fumariaceae (Lat. fumus, 

 smoke). Natural order of annual or 

 perennial herbs. They are natives 

 of temperate and warm regions of 

 the N. hemisphere ; also of S. 

 Africa. They have tender divided 

 leaves and small irregular flowers 

 in sprays ; the four petals forming 

 two unequal pairs. The watery 

 juice is acrid. See Fumitory. 



Fumaric Acid. Solid dibasic 

 acid somewhat widely distributed 

 throughout the vegetable kingdom, 

 notably in fumitory (Fumaria of- 

 ficinalis), Iceland moss (Lichen 

 islandicus), and various fungi. It 

 is best prepared by heating malic 

 acid (q.v.) at 150 C. in a current 

 of air so long as water distils over. 

 The residue is washed with a little 

 water and dried at 100C. It forms 

 normal and acid fumarates with 

 the alkali metals. 



Fuxnarole (Lat. fumariolum, 

 smoke-hole). Vapour-vent in vol- 

 canic districts, which acts as a 

 funnel for the escape of gas. Many 

 are formed during eruption of such 

 volcanoes as Vesuvius and Etna. 

 They were first studied by R. W. 

 Bunsen in Iceland. See Volcano. 



Fumigation (Lat. fumigare, to 

 smoke). Term used for the cleans- 

 ing or disinfecting of rooms, cloth- 

 ing, furniture, etc., by means of 

 certain vapours. Fumigation may 

 be for the purpose of the removal 

 of objectionable odours or for pre- 

 vention of contagious diseases. 



In gardening, fumigation is the 

 process of destroying greenfly and 

 other greenhouse pests by means of 

 smoke. Where the contents of a 

 house generally are affected it is 

 usual to ignite a quantity of to- 

 bacco paper, or other proprietary 



