FUMING 



3373 



FUNDS 



fumigating preparations, in the in- 

 terior, and leave the house her- 

 metically closed for about an hour. 

 After the house has been ventilated 

 the plants should be removed, and 

 the interior of the house washed 

 with carbolic soap, while the plants 

 and pots should be thoroughly 

 syringed in the open air with rain 

 water before being replaced. A 

 simple method of fumigating a few 

 plants is to fill a pipe with strong 

 tobacco, set it well alight, place a 

 piece of muslin over the bowl, and 

 blow hard through the stem with 

 the bowl of the pipe close to the in- 

 fested plants. The cloud of smoke 

 thus produced will suffocate the 

 greenfly. See Disinfection; Sani- 

 tation. 



Fuming. Property possessed by 

 some liquids of emitting fumes on 

 exposure to air. Fuming sulphuric 

 acid, a solution of sulphur trioxide 

 in sulphuric acid, gives off dense 

 white fumes when air is admitted 

 to the bottle containing the acid. 

 Libavius's fuming liquor is solu- 

 tion of tin tetrachloride, whilst 

 Boyle's fuming liquor contains 

 ammonium polysulphides. 



Fumitory (Lat. fumus lerrae, 

 earth-smoke). Small genus (Fu- 

 maria) of annual or perennial herbs 

 of the natural order Fumariaceae. 

 Natives of Europe and Asia, they 

 hang on the borders of cultivation. 

 The leaves are much divided into 

 slender segments, and the small 

 flowers are in terminal sprays. 

 Common fumitory (F. officinalis), 

 the best known species, has deli- 

 cate, much-divided leaves and 

 small rosy-purple flowers. The 

 name is variously explained as diie 



Fumitory. Flowers and foliage of 

 Fumaria officinalis 



to its fancied resemblance to smoke 

 curling upwards, to its being en- 

 gendered from a coarse vapour 

 rising from the earth, and to the 

 irritant effect of the plant's juice on 

 the eyes. . 



FunabasTii. Town of Japan, on 

 the island of Honshiu. It stands on 

 the Bay of Tokyo, 11 m. E. of the 

 city of Tokyo. Pop. 12,500. 



Funchal. Capital of Madeira, an 

 island in the Atlantic, belonging to 

 Portugal. It stands on Funchal 

 Bay, on the gentle ascent of some 

 hills in the form of an amphi- 

 theatre, and as seen from the sea 

 is very beautiful, with its houses 

 of dazzling whiteness, embosomed 

 among tropical verdure. The prin- 

 cipal residents have their country 

 houses on the encircling hills. 

 Funchal has a salubrious climate, 

 is well provided with water, and is 

 a popular winter health resort. It 

 has a cathedral, Anglican and 

 Presbyterian churches, hospitals, 

 museum, theatre, casino, meteoro- 

 logical observatory, wireless tele- 

 graphy station, and cable commu- 

 nication with Lisbon, Fal mouth, 

 and Pernambuco. 



The streets, which are steep 



when, for any particular value of 

 one, there is a corresponding value 

 or set of values of the other. This 

 may be made clear by a simple ex- 

 ample. If a train travels at 50 

 miles an hour, then the distance 

 travelled is a function of the time, 

 i.e. in six hours the distance 

 travelled is 6 x 50 miles, in 10 hours 

 10x50 miles, and generally in n 

 hours 50/i miles. 



This is the simplest example of 

 a function, but there occur many 

 complicated functions in mathe- 

 matics, and the expression relating 

 one with another, or the function 

 with its argument, as it is called, is 

 generally given in the form y=l(x), 

 or w=i (x, y, z), and so on. 



The term function is due to 

 Liebnitz (1692), who divided func- 

 tions into algebraic and transcen- 



Funchal, Madeira. View of the town and harbour from the north-east 



and narrow, are electrically lighted, 

 and have no wheeled traffic, ox- 

 sleds being used. There is a large 

 trade in wine and coal. In the 

 roadstead is a steep black rock 

 crowned by a castle. Funchal was 

 bombarded by German submarines 

 on Dec. 3, 1916, and Dec. 12, 1917. 

 Pop. 24,687. 



Funck-Brentano, TH&OPHILE 

 (1830-1906). French author. He 

 was born in Luxembourg, and after 

 a period of study in law and medi- 

 cine became professor at the school 

 of political science in Paris. He 

 was the author of a number of 

 works on philosophical subjects, in- 

 cluding La Civilisation et ses Lois, 

 1876 ; L'Homme et sa destinee, 

 1895 ; and Les Sophistes Fran9ais, 

 1905. His son Franz (b. 1882) was 

 appointed to the chair of compara- 

 tive legislation at the College de 

 France in 1900, has lectured in the 

 U.S.A. and Canada, and has written 

 several volumes on the romantic 

 side of French history, among 

 them Legendes et Archives de la 

 Bastille, 1898, of which a 5th 

 edition was issued in 1902 ; and a 

 book on the Diamond Necklace 

 (q.v.) mystery, of which an English 

 translation appeared in 1911. 



Function (Lat. functio). Term 

 used in mathematics. One quantity 

 i? said to be a function of another 



dental, the former being those 

 functions which may be expressed 

 by elementary algebraic opera- 

 tions, the latter the remainder. See 

 Algebra ; Mathematics ; consult 

 also Theory of Functions, A. R. 

 Forsyth, 3rd ed. 1918; Theory of 

 Functions of Real Variables, E. 

 W. Hobson, 1907; Applications 

 of Elliptic Functions, A. G. Green- 

 hill, 1892. 



Functional Disorders. Path- 

 ological conditions in which the 

 functions of muscles, limbs, or 

 organs are disturbed without any 

 apparent organic basis, i.e. no 

 change can be detected in the 

 anatomical structure of the muscles 

 or nerves affected. See Hysteria ; 

 Neurasthenia. 



Funds (Lat. fundus, bottom). 

 Word meaning a sum of money or 

 supply of credit. A fund is a sum set 

 apart for some special purpose, e.g. 

 an endowment fund or a building 

 fund. In the plural the word 

 has the special meaning of govern- 

 ment securities, consols, et<? -A 

 fundholder is one who possesses 

 such, and to fund part of the na- 

 tional debt is to turn it from a tem- 

 porary into a permanent security, 

 i.e. to turn treasury bills into 

 consols or war loan, which is then 

 known as the funded debt. See 

 National Debt. 



