FUNDY 



3374 



FUNGOID PESTS 



Fundy, BAY OF. Extension of 

 the N. Atlantic Ocean, dividing 

 Nova Scotia from New Brunswick. 

 It terminates in two branches, the 

 northern section being known as 

 the Chignecto Channel, and the 

 southern as Minas Channel, which 

 leads to Cobequid Bay. From 

 Grand Manan Island, which stands 

 at the entrance of the bay, to Cape 

 Chignecto, its length is about 100 

 m., and its mean breadth 35 m. 

 Several rivers drain into the bay, 

 the chief of which are the St. John 

 and the St. Croix. 



Except for the fogs which drift 

 into the bay in summer from the 

 Gulf Stream, the bay is easily navig- 

 able, the coasts are rocky, and the 

 ceaseless tidal scour prevents the 

 accumulation of sandbanks; the 

 tides themselves are swift but regu- 

 lar. Spring tides are high; they 

 range from 27 ft. at St. John to 

 50 ft. in Minas Channel ; wherever a 

 river estuary is narrow the tide 

 makes a bore, usually from 4 ft. to 

 6 ft. high. 



Funen OB FYEN. Island of the 

 Baltic Sea, forming part of Den- 

 mark. It lies between Jutland and 

 Zealand, ranking next to the 

 latter in size, and is separated from 

 Slesvig by the Little Belt, and 

 bounded E. by the Great Belt. 

 Length, 52 m. by 42 wide ; area, 

 1,133 sq. m. Mostly flat, and 

 much indented, it rises in the S. W. 

 to some 400 ft. Well watered by 

 the Odense and other streams, it 

 is very fertile, producing fruits, 

 cereals, flax, hemp, timber, cattle, 

 and horses. The chief towns are 

 Odense (q-v.), the capital, Svend- 

 borg, and Nyborg. Pop. 252,288. 



Funeral (low Lat. funeralia, 

 things belonging to a funeral). 

 Comprehensive term, at one time 

 written in the plural, for the cere- 

 monies, etc., attending the con- 

 veyance of a dead person to grave 

 or tomb. The term obsequies, 

 often used in the same connexion, 

 has not quite the same meaning: 

 funeral means a mournful cere- 

 mony, especially the processional 

 part of it ; obsequies, a respectful 

 valediction. See Burial Customs. 



Funeral Rites. Ceremonial ob- 

 servances attending the actual dis- 

 posal of the dead. The time inter- 

 vening between death and the 

 funeral rite may be a few hours, 

 several months, or as with emi- 

 nent Burmese monks more than 

 a year. Interment often occurs 

 at night, as in ancient Greece and 

 Rome, to avoid polluting the 

 sunlight, or at sunset, to prevent 

 the ghost from capturing living 

 shadows. Basuto graves, dug after 

 dark, are filled in before dawn 

 awakens the children Salutation 

 of the corpse occurs in E. Europe ; 



in Hungary, kissing of the right 

 hand accompanies appeals for for- 

 giveness. In modern Britain, the 

 dead are sometimes touched to pre- 

 vent future haunting; 



The place of sepulture may be 

 indicated by omen ; the Laos carry 

 the dead into the jungle, and halt 

 when sensible of increased weight. 

 Bodies may be carried through 

 smoke-holes or apertures in the 

 house walls. Carrying out feet 

 foremost ranges from Torres Strait 

 to modern Europe. Chams turn the 

 bier about and bear it along zigzag 

 paths to circumvent the ghost and 

 impede its return. Borneo I ban 

 obliterate the bearers' footprints; 



" u T" i yt^ 



C-Scuble 



NORTH ATLANTIC OCEA& 



Bay of Fundy. Map of inlet of the 



Atlantic between New Brunswick 



and Nova Scotia 



in the Congo basin thorns are 

 strewn after the procession. Cross- 

 ing water is symbolised among the 

 Koryak by lines across the path, 

 leaped by returning mourners. 

 Attendants in Arctic lands pace 

 thrice round the body, and in the 

 Hebrides thrice round the church, 

 to protect the living from the dead. 



The last pilgrimage is facilitated 

 by various observances. The face 

 may bs turned towards sunrise, 

 sunset, Mecca, or the tribal cradle- 

 land. Coins are provided for the 

 ferryman, honey-cakes for Cer- 

 berus, passports for the janitor. 

 Immolation of relatives and slave - 

 sacrifice, unknown in the earliest 

 culture, formerly rife in some bar- 

 baric societies, and still extant, 

 survives symbolically in the paper 

 effigies of attendants burned at 

 Chinese graves. Many tribes in 

 S.E. Asia offer funeral honours to 

 symbolic images, a practice ob- 

 served also in Brittany and Italy. 



Measures are taken to avoid 

 pollution, as when Yakut inter the 

 mortuary shovels, Warundi the 

 earth baskets. Baganda mourners 

 cleanse their hands with plantain 

 leaves ; some Australian aborig- 

 ines fumigate themselves; Fanti 

 mourners wash in the sea. The 

 Semitic use of burned spices passed 

 into early Christianity. Fear of the 

 ghost's return, which dictates the 



Eskimo custom of waving torches 

 behind the corpse, accounts in part 

 for the medieval use of bells and 

 candles. Corpses may be mutilated, 

 or fires maintained on graves. In 

 some instances ghosts are deemed 

 to haunt their former homes until 

 flesh decays. The bones are then 

 disinterred for a final funeral rite, 

 which among the Hurons occurred 

 every twelve years, with solemn 

 tribal feasts. 



Funeral feasts are traceable to 

 neolithic Europe. The Gilbert 

 Islands feast during three days pre- 

 ceding the funeral is comparable 

 with the Irish wake. Feasting 

 continues for several months in 

 Madagascar, and for a year in Pata- 

 gonia. Primitive cannibalism is 

 perpetuated in the Cocoma prac- 

 tice of mixing pulverised bones 

 in ritual cups, and symbolically 

 in corpse-cakes, arval bread, 

 and other special viands provided 

 at ritual meals. These, some- 

 times indicating communion, are 

 largely displaced by food and 

 money doles. Danoes, designed as 

 magical rites to placate or scare the 

 ghost, or to stamp down the grave, 

 are associated with public spec- 

 tacles, as in ancient Greece and 

 Rome, or with games, such as the 

 blindman's-buff formerly played 

 in S. Ireland, or the Sioux dicing 

 for the effects of the deceased 

 person. See Burial, Death, and 

 Mourning Customs. 



Fiinfkirchen (Ger., five chur- 

 ches), PECS, OK PET-KOSTELY. Free 

 town in the county of Baranya, 

 Hungary, 105 m. S.W. of Budapest. 

 It lies in a deep hollow, and is re- 

 gularly and spaciously built, the 

 four principal streets being orien- 

 tated to the four points of the com- 

 pass, and stretching in each direc- 

 tion to the gates of the town. Its 

 public buildings include a fine 

 Gothic cathedral, a bishop's palace, 

 several churches, and a convent of 

 Ursulines. Its manufactures are 

 woollens, leather goods, and to- 

 bacco pipes. Pop. 29,000. 



Fung-hwang. Fabled bird of 

 Chinese mythology. Generally de- 

 scribed as a kind of phoenix, a 

 fantastic representation of it is 

 frequently found in the decorations 

 of Chinese embroideries and porce- 

 lain. Its appearance was supposed 

 to be a good omen. The word is 

 sometimes rendered Fum, and is 

 thus given in Thomas Moore's 

 satiric verses, Fum and Hum. 



Fungoid Pests. Parasitic 

 growths that devastate crops. All 

 parts of crops are liable to be at- 

 tacked by some of the low forms of 

 plant life known collectively as 

 fungi, which include mildews, 

 moulds, rusts, and many others. 

 A notable example was the famine 



