FUNIS 



broken fleshy tissue quickly turns 

 blue when exposed to air. 



The symptoms of poisoning 

 appear six or eight hours after the 

 fungus has been eaten. They are 

 not uniform in character. In 

 some cases there is marked gastro- 

 intestinal irritation with vomiting, 

 colicky pain in the abdomen, and 

 diarrhoea. In others, nervous 

 symptoms are more prominent, 

 such as headache, giddiness, de- 

 lirium, muscular twitchings or 

 convulsions, and coma. These 

 may be followed by signs of gastro- 

 intestinal irritation. Death may 

 occur in a few hours, or may be 

 delayed for two or three days. 

 Treatment consists in giving an 

 emetic, though, as much of the 

 fungus may have passed into the 

 bowel before the symptoms appear, 

 this may not be of much avail. A 

 dose of castor oil should be given 

 to clear the bowels. Atropine is 

 recommended as an antidote to 

 muscarine, and digitalis may be 

 useful. Persistent diarrhoea may 

 be checked by the administration 

 of opium. See Mycology. 



Funis (Lat. ). Cord consisting 

 of blood-vessels which unites the 

 infant in the womb with the 

 placenta. See Umbilical Cord. 



3376 



Funny Bone. Popular term for 

 the groove between the olecranon 

 process of the ulna and the internal 

 condyle of the humerus on the inner 

 side of the elbow. The ulnar nerve 

 passes along this groove, and a blow 

 on the nerve at this point produces 

 the familiar sensation of " pins 

 and needles." See Elbow. 



Funs ton , FREDERICK (1865- 

 1917). American soldier. He was 

 born at New Carlisle, Ohio. After 

 working as a rly. employee, re- 

 porter, etc., in 1896 he joined the 

 insurgents in Cuba under Garcia. 

 In the Spanish War he served as 

 colonel of volunteers in the Philip- 

 pines, where in 1901 he captured 

 the insurgent leader Aguinaldo. 

 He became regular brigadier- 

 general, 1901, and major-general, 

 1915. He led the expedition to 

 Vera Cruz in 1914, and was mili- 

 tary governor of that city during 

 the American occupation. In 

 March, 1916, he was in general 

 command of the U.S. forces on the 

 Mexican border, and had charge of 

 the operations against Gen. Villa. 

 After the earthquake at San Fran- 

 cisco in 1906, Funston was con- 

 spicuous in the organization and 

 rehabitation of the city. He died 

 at San Antonio,Texas,Feb. 19,1917. 



FUR: ITS SOURCES AND TREATMENT 



John C. Sachs, Fur Trade Expert 



This is a sketch of the history of the wearing of furs, and the way 

 they are prepared for the market. See the articles on the various fur- 

 bearing animals : Fox ; Marten, etc. ; also Costume 



Fur (old Fr. forre, sheath) may 

 be defined as the skin of certain 

 mammals which, after preparation, 

 is worn by men and women for 

 warmth. The Tabernacle of the 

 Israelites had an outer covering of 

 badgers' skins (Exod. xxvi, 14) and 

 an inner one of rams' skins dyed 

 red (Exod. xxxv, 7). The Chinese 

 claim to have employed furs for 

 some 3,000 years, but their methods 

 of preparing the skins have stood 

 still for centuries, and the same re- 

 mark applies to other Asiatic coun- 

 tries. The Assyrians, Greeks, and 

 Romans all made lavish use of furs. 

 The practice is mentioned by Hero- 

 dotus, and Hercules, we are told, 

 used the skin of the Nemean lion 

 as a garment. 



The Romans learnt the orna- 

 mental use of furs from the Greeks, 

 who owed their knowledge of them 

 to their campaigns in Asia Minor 

 and elsewhere against the Medes 

 and Persians. The legend of Jason 

 and the Golden Fleece was proba- 

 bly the allegorical description of 

 the voyage of a Greek fur trader 

 who sailed into the Black Sea and 

 collected large stacks of valuable 

 furs from what are now southern 

 Russia and Armenia. Skins were 



worn by the ancient Britons, 

 Saxons, Danes, and Norsemen, but 

 women made comparatively little 

 use of furs until the Middle Ages. 

 Ceremonial Fur Wearing 



With the march of civilization, 

 the number and variety of fur- 

 bearing animals slaughtered for 

 their skins greatly increased, and 

 many edicts were promulgated 

 forbidding the use of various fine 

 furs by the commoners. Thus the 

 wearing of ermine early became a 

 badge of nobility, and miniver, or 

 ermine powdered with black spots, 

 was regal wear, and to this day 

 figures in the coronation robes of 

 kings. Men wore heavily furred 

 garments during the York and Lan- 

 caster period, and both sexes dis- 

 played furs freely in the time of the 

 Tudor sovereigns. Henry VIII is 

 portrayed almost swathed in furs. 



Furs fell into disuse in Britain 

 during the Stuart period, but a 

 most important event with regard 

 to the trade happened after the 

 Restoration, when Prince Rupert 

 founded a company to trade for furs 

 in Hudson Bay, 1670. From this 

 really dates the commencement of 

 the British fur trade. It did not 

 start under the happiest auspices ; 



FUR 



the first company was a failure ; 

 the wearing of furs was objected to 

 by the Puritans as savouring of 

 vanity, and the elegant dress of 

 the cavalier, although eminently 

 suitable for the display of ribbon, 

 velvet, and lace, was not adaptable 

 to the employment of the furriers' 

 art. Up to this period, and indeed 

 long afterwards, the chief fur mar- 

 kets of the world were on the Euro- 

 pean continent. Constantinople 

 for over 1,000 years Nijni Nov- 

 gorod, Venice, and Genoa may be 

 mentioned, and smaller markets 

 were held at Nuremberg andLeipzig. 



Furs were but little worn in 

 England or France during the 

 greater part of the 18th century, 

 but there was a gorgeous display of 

 them at the coronation of Napoleon, 

 and in the old caricatures of Row- 

 landson may be seen those enor- 

 mous muffs that, in the ever re- 

 volving wheel of fashion, were 

 reproduced in the 20th century. 

 Queen Victoria's coronation robes 

 were trimmed with ermine, and 

 Dickens's Arabella Allen wore 

 boots with " fur round the tops." 

 Canadian and Siberian Furs 



The two great fur-producing 

 countries of the world are Canada 

 and Siberia. The colder the coun- 

 try the better the fur, hence the 

 covering of the animals produced 

 in the high latitudes of Canada and 

 Russia is particularly thick and 

 warm. From Canada and Siberia 

 come, among others, the sable 

 and American marten, mink, 

 ermine, fisher, red and silver fox, 

 lynx, wolf, beaver, musquash, otter, 

 bear, squirrel, wolverine, elk, and 

 musk ox ; while within the Arctic 

 circle are found the polar bear, 

 white fox, seal, and hair seal. 

 Skunk, raccoon, and opossum come 

 largely from the U.S.A. Australia 

 produces opossum, wallaby, and 

 vast quantities of rabbit ; the beau- 

 tiful chinchilla comes from Peru 

 and Argentina; and Armenia gives 

 its name to the ermine, though its 

 habitat is farther north. Astrakans, 

 slinks, caracul, tigers, sheep, goats, 

 and bears are natives of Central Asia* 



The transfer of these skins from 

 the wilds to the ultimate wearers 

 necessitates an immense organiza- 

 tion. The great fur companies have 

 their main depots around Hudson 

 Bay, which is closed to navigation 

 by ice for over nine months every 

 year : hence a vast amount of work 

 has to be done during the short 

 time that the bay is open. The 

 modus operandi is briefly as follows. 

 As soon as the ice breaks up the 

 steamers make for the depots, and 

 on arrival discharge their cargoes, 

 consisting of food, clothing, rifles, 

 ammunition, axes, etc. The empty 

 holds are at once refilled with furs 



