FUSTEL DE COULANGES 



3387 



FUTURISM 



Fustel de Coulanges, NUMA 

 DENIS (1830-89). French historian. 

 Born and educated in Paris, he 

 studied for a time in Greece and 

 then returned to France to teach 

 and study history, especially that 

 of the early ages. From 1860-70 

 he was professor at Strasbourg ; 

 after 1870 he lectured in Paris ; in 

 1878 he was made professor of 

 medieval history at the Sorbonne, 

 and from 1880 until his death was 

 director of the Ecole Normale. Fus- 

 tel was probably the most able, and 

 certainly the most uncompromis- 

 ing, member of the band of histor- 

 ians who combated the theory that 

 the early institutions of France were 

 mainly of Teutonic origin. In six 

 volumes he showed how the influ- 

 ence of Rome survived there, and 

 how the Teutonic invaders did 

 little more than fall under it. Fus- 

 tel's best -known work, however, is 

 La Cite Antique, published in 1864. 

 The main idea of this book is 

 that religion was the chief force 

 in the development of the ancient 

 states of Greece and Italy. 



Fustian. Thick short-piled cot- 

 ton fabric, mostly used for work- 

 men's clothes. The term is applied 

 to clothes of the nature of velvet, 

 e.g. velveteen, moleskin, and cor- 

 duroy. The early fustians seem to 

 have been made of cotton or of cot- 

 ton weft and linen warp. The manu- 

 facture of fustian was apparently 

 introduced into England in the 

 14th century by the Flemings, the 

 first English-made fustians being 

 woollen. Spain and Italy were 

 noted for their fustians, those made 

 at Naples becoming so popular as 

 to be specially described as fustian 

 of Naples, a term which became 

 corrupted into such strange forms 

 as fustian anapes, fustian and apes, 

 fustianapes, and fustniapes. The 

 name fustian is said to come from 

 Fostat, near Cairo, where the stuff 

 was made. Rum fustian is an old 

 Oxford University " night-cap," a 

 kind of egg flip. The use of the 

 word " fustian " for pompous or 

 unseasonably lofty language is due 

 to the idea of stuffing or padding. 



Fustic. Name given to two 

 yellow dye materials known respec- 

 tively as old fustic, obtained from 

 the wood of Morus tincloria, and 

 young fustic from Rhus cotinus. 

 Both plants are grown in the West 

 Indies, but young fustic is also 

 found in southern Europe. The 

 colouring matters from young fus- 

 tic are called fustin and fisetin, 

 whilst those from Morus linctoria 

 are morin and maclurin. In wool 

 dyeing fustic is an important 

 natural yellow dye. 



Fusulina Beds. In geology, 

 great thicknesses of limestone. 

 Made up to a great extent of fossil 



remains of chambered shells of 

 Foraminifera, including species of 

 Fusilina, they are well developed 

 in carboniferous rocks of Russia 

 and Ural Mts., and in Japan, China, 

 and N. America. 



Futa Jallon OB FOUTA D.IALLON 

 Region of French W. Africa, form- 

 ing the N.W. portion of French 

 Guinea. Area, 42,000 sq. m. It is 

 a mountainous country, rising in 

 parts to over 5,000 ft., with fertile 

 valleys, containing the head- 

 streams of the Gambia, Senegal, and 

 Niger rivers. Cattle, sheep, and 

 horses are raised in large numbers, 

 and cereals, coffee, and cotton are 

 produced. The rly. from Kankan, 

 on the Milo tributary of the Niger, 

 and Karussa on the Niger, to the 

 port of Konakry, touches Timbo, 

 the capital, in the S. part of the 

 territory. The inhabitants are 

 Fulahs, who settled here in the 

 16th century. They are Mahome- 

 dans, and number about 700,000. 

 See Guinea, French. 



Futrelle, JACQUES' (1875-1912). 

 American novelist. Born in Pike 

 co., Georgia, Futrelle had a wide 

 experience as journalist, and was 

 for some years a theatrical manager 

 in America. He wrote a number 

 of light novels and some clever 

 detective tales, among which may 

 be mentioned The Thinking Ma- 

 chine, 1907 ; Elusive Isabel, 1909 ; 

 The Professor on the Case, 1909 ; 

 The Lady in the Case, 1910 ; The 

 Diamond Master, 1912 ; and 

 Blind Man's Buff, 1914. He was 

 drowned in the 

 wreck of the Ti- 

 tanic April 15,191 2. 



Future ( L a t . 

 futurus, about to 

 be). In grammar, 

 the tense used to 

 indicate that some- 

 thing will be or will 

 take place. In 

 modern languages 

 it is expressed by 

 the aid of auxili- 

 aries or peri- 

 phrases : I shall go, 

 ich werde gehen. 

 French aimerai is 

 really a corruption 

 of amare ftabeo (T 

 have to love), a 

 method of forma- 

 tion which prob- 

 ably underlies 

 the Latin amabo. 



Future. Busi 



ness term for goods 

 to be shipped at 

 some future time. 

 Merchants and 

 others speculate in 

 futures, especially 

 of corn, cotton, 



hops, etc., variations in freight rates 

 and in market conditions generally 

 providing an ample gambling 

 element. The word is confined in 

 practice to foreign produce. 



Futurism. Name given to an 

 art movement which originated at 

 Turin in Italy in March, 1910. It 

 owed its inception mainly to F. T. 

 Marinetti, the Italian poet. It 

 preached the renovation of Italian 

 art. It declared that art could live 

 only by its emancipation from the 

 past. It repudiated tradition, 

 academic training, museums, pic- 

 ture galleries, the art of previous 

 ages, and other similar "fetters" 

 on art progress. In literature, ex- 

 periments were made by Marinetti 

 and others to convey emotions 

 directly to the reader's eye by the 

 use of varying types, suggestive 

 arrangements of spacing and lines, 

 and other devices. An account of 

 scenes in the Balkan wars was 

 written by Marinetti and read 

 to a phonetic accompaniment of 

 drums, crashing metal instruments, 

 etc. It endeavoured to introduce 

 into the art of painting a "poetry 

 of motion," whereby, for example, 

 the painted gesture should cease 

 to be a fixed momentary thing 

 and become actually " a dynamic 

 condition." The weakness of the 

 proposition lies in the fact that 

 kinetics cannot be realized by 

 static qualities. Successive scenes 

 witnessed, for instance, from a 

 train in motion were depicted on 

 a canvas as though they had been 



Futurism. La Modiste (the dressmaker), a Futurist 

 painting by Gino Severini, exhibited at Paris in 1912 



