FYEN 



simultaneous, the result being con- 

 fusion. This aim was further com- 

 plicated by a sort of psychological 

 bias which was expressed in the 

 Futurists' effort to indicate, in the 

 painting of a scene, not only the 

 state of mind of the painter but 

 also that of the person or persons 

 depicted in the picture. 



A picture, according to the Fu- 

 turist manifesto, " must be a syn- 

 thesis of what one remembers and 

 what one sees." Thus a Futurist 

 would paint not only what he saw 

 before him, but would combine 

 with it the recollection of previous 

 scenes which lingered in his mind, 

 and also attempt to give, in the 

 same picture, some idea of the 

 sitter's sensations. These sensa- 

 tions were to be represented by 

 " force lines and rhythms." Also 

 objects and personages were to be 

 studied from all sides so that all 

 aspects of things, visible and in- 

 visible, front and back, should be 

 painted in a picture. The results 

 were frequently mirth -provoking. 

 The original Futurists included 

 Marinetti and the Italian painters 

 Boccioni, Carra, Russolo, Balla, 

 and Severini. The first exhibition 

 of Italian Futurist painting was 

 held in 1911 in Paris, whence it 

 was transferred to London in 

 March, 1912. See Art. 



Fyen. Variant spelling of the 

 island of Denmark more generally 

 known as Funen (q.v.). 



Fyfe, HAMILTON (b. 1869). 

 British journalist and author. 

 Eldest son of J. Hamilton Fyfe, 

 barrister and journalist, he was 

 educated at Fettes College, Edin- 

 burgh. After varied service on 

 The Times, he edited The Morning 

 Advertiser, 1902-3, and The Daily 

 Mirror, 1903-5. From 1905 until 

 1919 he was special correspondent 

 of The Daily Mail, which he repre- 

 sented, during the Great War, in 

 France, Russia, Rumania, Italy, 

 Spain, Portugal, and the U.S.A. 

 He wrote one of the famous Amiens 

 dispatches published in The Times 

 of Aug. 30, 1914, giving the first 

 news of the reverse at Mons. He 

 was hon. attache, British war 

 mission to the U.S.A., 1917, and in 

 charge of British propaganda in 

 Germany, July-Nov., 1918. In 

 addition to The New Spirit in 

 Egypt, 1910; The Real Mexico, 

 1914; and The Meaning of the 

 World Revolution, 1919, he has 

 written several plays and novels, 

 including The Widow's Cruse, 

 1920. He became editor of The 

 Daily Herald, 1922. 



Fyffe, CHARLES ALAN (1845-92). 

 British historian. Born at Black- 

 heath, Dec. 3, 1845, he was the 

 son of a doctor. Educated at 

 Balliol College, Oxford, he served 



3388 



for some years as fellow bursar of 

 University College. A barrister, he 

 acted as correspondent for The 

 Daily News in the Franco-Prussian 

 War, but he is chiefly known by 

 his History of Modern Europe, 

 embracing the period from the 

 French Revolution to 1878, 3 vols., 

 1880-90. Politically, he was a 

 strong radical. He died Feb. 19, 

 1892. 



Fylde. Name given to the 

 district in Lancashire between the 

 estuaries of the rivers Wyre and 

 Ribble. It is a flat area devoted 

 mainly to agriculture. 



Fylfot. In heraldry, the cross 



fammadion, or cramponed cross. 

 t is celebrated in occult science, 

 and is a modi- 

 fication of the 

 extremely an- 

 cient Oriental 

 Swastika (q.v.). 

 Each limb is 

 terminated by 

 a crutch-like 



is the lucky or beneficent fylfot ; if 

 the projections are reversed it is a 

 " black " or evil sign. The word 

 is probably a corruption of fill- 

 foot, meaning a space in a painted 

 window which fills the foot. 



Fyne. Sea loch of Argyllshire, 

 Scotland. It extends S.W. and S. 

 for 40 m. from above Inveraray to 

 its mouth at the Sound of Bute, 

 with a breadth of from 1 m. to 5 m. 

 Its arms are E. Loch Tarbert (with 

 Tarbert village), Loch Gilp (with 

 Lochgilphead, Ardrishaig, and the 

 Crinan Canal), Loch Shira, and 

 Loch Gair. 



Fyrd (A.S., army). Name given 

 to the army, or rather militia, of 

 England in Anglo-Saxon times. 

 It is first mentioned in the Anglo- 

 Saxon Chronicle as existing about 

 600, and consisted apparently of 

 all able-bodied men. They were 

 called out in times of clanger by 

 the shireman or sheriff, each shire 

 having its own fyrd. In the 7th 

 century laws laid down penalties 

 for neglecting this duty. Called 

 fyrdwite, the fines varied, ac- 

 cording to the rank of the offender, 

 from forfeiture of his land to a 

 moderate fine. 



The fyrd was reorganized by 

 Alfred the Great and was used to 

 fight the Danish invaders. It sur- 

 vived the Norman Conquest, but 

 was not used abroad, the idea that 

 it was a defensive force only being 

 very strong. It did good work at 

 the battle of the Standard and in 

 other fights against the Scots and 

 Welsh, but from about the time of 

 Edward I its place was taken by 

 commissions of array and the 

 militia. See Militia. 



F.Z.S. 



Fysh, SIR PHILIP OAKLEY (b. 

 1835). Australian politician. Born 

 in England, March 1, 1835, he 

 settled in Tasmania and was 

 elected to the legislative council in 

 1866. Treasurer in Kennerley's 

 ministry, 1873-75, he became 

 premier, 1877-78, and again, 1887- 

 92. A delegate for Tasmania to 

 the federal conventions of 1891, 

 A 1897, and 1898, he held a similar 

 position in the Federal Council of 



Australasia, ^ 



and was one of | 



the delegates I 



to London in : 



1900 in con- ij-'MK 



nexion with p 



the formation | 



of the Com- f; 



monwealth of ^^ 



Australia. He 



was knighted 



mast^enerti 

 for the Com- 

 monwealth, 1903-4, he then be- 

 came minister without portfolio 

 and retired in 1910. 



Fyt, JAN (1609-61). Flemish 

 painter. Born at Antwerp, he 

 studied under Jan van Berch. He 

 achieved great renown as an 

 animal painter and was employed 

 by Rubens, Jordaens, and De 

 Crayer to introduce animals, es- 

 pecially dogs, into their pictures. 

 Most of the European galleries 

 contain examples of his art. He 

 died at Antwerp. 



Fytton OR FITTON. Name of an 

 English family associated for many 

 generations with Gawsworth (q.v.), 

 Cheshire. Most of the monuments 

 in the Norman church at Gaws- 

 worth are to the memory of mem- 

 bers of this family. The first 

 Sir Thomas Fytton lived in the 

 time of Edward II. Sir Edward 

 Fytton (1527-79) was lord presi- 

 dent of Connaught, 1569-72; since 

 the appearance of Thomas Tyler's 

 edition of Shakespeare's Sonnets 

 in 1880, his grand-daughter Mary, 

 maid of honour to Queen Eliza- 

 beth and mistress of William Her- 

 bert, 3rd earl of Pembroke, has 

 figured as the Dark Lady (q.v.). 



Sir Edward Fytton, who was on 

 the side of Charles I at Edge- 

 hill, was killed at the siege of 

 Bristol in 1643. Sir Alexander 

 Fytton became lord chancellor of 

 Ireland, lost the Gawsworth estates 

 by litigation, was attainted after 

 the abdication of James II, and 

 died at St. Germains in 1699. See 

 Life of William Shakespeare, S. 

 Lee, revised ed. 1915; The "Dark 

 Lady" of Gawsworth, C. H. Her- 

 ford, in The Manchester Guardian, 

 Feb. 3, 1920. ~") 



F.Z.S. Abbreviation for Fellow 

 of the Zoological Society. 



