GABLONZ 



3391 



GAD FLY 



edge or verge was ornamented with 

 a barge -board. When the " hipped" 

 roof, i.e. the roof made to slope 

 back from all sides, was introduced 

 in the latter part of the 17th cen- 

 tury, the gable ceased to exist ex- 

 cept in farmhouses and buildings in 

 which the older architecture per- 

 sisted. Recent building has seen 

 a marked revival of the gable for 

 small houses. See Architecture ; 

 House ; Barge-board, illus. 



Gablonz. Town of Czecho- 

 slovakia, in Bohemia. Situated on 

 the Neisse, 7 m. E.S.E. of Reichen- 

 berg, in the district of the Riesenge- 

 birge, it is normally a busy manu- 

 facturing and export centre, the 

 glass industry alone occupying 

 many thousands of hands. It also 

 possesses important printing and 

 lithographic works. Other manu- 

 factures include cotton and woollen 

 goods, bronzes, buttons, artificial 

 pearls, and other jewelry and 

 fancy articles. The town possesses 

 good educational facilities tech- 

 nical schools, in addition to a gym- 

 nasium. There is a service of elec- 

 tric tramways. Under the Austrian 

 regime Gablonz was the head- 

 quarters of an administrative divi- 

 sion of the same name, with an area 

 of 82 sq. m. and a pop. of 90,000, 

 nearly all German Roman Catho- 

 lics ; it is part of the German 

 district of Bohemia. Pop. 29,605. 



Gaboriau, EMILE (1833-73). 

 French novelist. He was bom at 

 Saujon, Nov. 9, 1833. An acknow- 

 ledged master of detective fiction, 

 his clever story L' Affaire Lerouge, 

 1866, brought him instant fame. 

 This was followed in rapid succes- 

 sion by Le Dossier No. 113, 1867 : 

 Le Crime d'Orcival, 1867 ; and 

 other novels of the same type, 

 which, though of slight literary 

 value, hold the attention by their 

 skilfully woven plots and abund- 

 ance of sensational incident. He 

 has attained a European reputa- 

 tion, despite these defects, as the 

 originator of this type of detective 

 fiction. Much of his work has been 

 translated into English. He died 

 Sept. 28, 1873. See Detective. 



Gabriel (Heb., man of God). 

 Name in Biblical and post-Biblical 

 literature of one of the seven arch- 

 angels. He was sent to Daniel to ex- 

 plain the vision of the ram and the 

 he goat (Dan. viii, 15 ff.), and again 

 to instruct him as to the " seventy 

 weeks" (ix, 21 ff.). In the N.T. he 

 is the divine messenger who pre- 

 dicts to Zacharias the birth of a son 

 to Elizabeth (Luke i, 8-20), and to 

 the Virgin Mary the birth of the 

 Saviour (vv. 26-38). See Angel. 



Gabun, GABON OR GABOON. 

 Colony in French Equatorial 

 Africa. It lies to the S. of Came- 

 roons, and is bounded W. by the 



Atlantic Ocean, E. by the French 

 Middle Congo colony (Moyen 

 Congo), and S. by the Belgian 

 Congo. French occupation com- 

 menced in the estuary of the Gabun 

 river in 1841, and in 1849 the settle- 

 ment of Libreville was formed as a 

 place of refuge for escaped slaves. 



French influence gradually ex- 

 tended along the coast and into the 

 interior, largely through the efforts 

 of De Brazza and of French mis- 

 sions. In 1885 France took posses- 

 sion of the entire coastal region be- 

 tween Libreville and Brazzaville. 

 In 1894 the boundaries between 

 Cameroons colony and the French 

 Congo regions were determined,but 

 in 1911 Germany demanded, and 

 received, as compensation for her 

 recognition of the position of 

 France in Morocco, a block of terri- 

 tory, the greater portion of which 

 was taken from the Middle Congo 

 and Ubangi-Shari-Chad colonies. 



The present area of the Gabun 

 Colony is 167,778 sq. m. It is ad- 

 ministered by a lieutenant-gover- 

 nor, aided by an administrative 

 council, subject to the governor- 

 general of French Equatorial Africa, 

 and contains vast forests and a 

 large variety of tropical products, 

 including rubber, palm kernels, and 

 cocoa. The only rly. is a narrow- 

 gauge line from Brazzaville, the 

 chief town of the Middle Congo, to 

 Mindpuli ; but a line is projected 

 from Brazzaville to Pointe Noire, a 

 port on the Atlantic coast, S. of 

 Loango. Despite the lack of rly. 

 communication there is a consider- 

 able trade along the rivers and 

 through the ports of Libreville, the 

 capital, Cape Lopez, Sette Gama, 

 Mayumba, and Loango. The 

 climate of the colony is unhealthy 

 in the coastal regions, sleeping sick- 

 ness prevailing, but comparatively 

 healthy in the elevated interior. 

 Pop. 259,582 ; 659 are Europeans. 



Bibliography. Trente mois au 

 continent mysterieux, Payeur-Dide- 

 lot, 1899 ; L'Expansion coloniale au 

 Congo franais, F. Rouget, 1906 ; 

 Le Congo francais ; la question 

 Internationale du Congo, F. Chal- 

 laye, 1909. 



Gabun. Estuary in the N. of the 

 Gabun colony in French Equatorial 

 Africa. It penetrates 40 m. inland 

 and has a width of from 6 to 12m. 

 On the N. bank is Libreville (q.v.). 

 Large vessels canascend theestuary. 



Gad. Seventh son of Jacob, by 

 Zilpah the handmaid of his wife 

 Leah (Gen. xxx, 10, 11). He had 

 seven sons at the time he went 

 down to Egypt with his father and 

 brothers. 



Gad is also the name of a prophet 

 who acted as a counsellor to David 

 (2 Sam. xxiv, 11 ; 2 Chron. xxix, 

 25), and wrote a history of his 

 reign (1 Chron. xxix, 29) ; and of 



an Oriental divinity, regarded as 

 the bringer of good fortune. 



Gadag. Town and sub-division 

 of Bombay, India, in the dist. of 

 Dharwar. The area of the sub- 

 division is 699 sq. m. Gadag town 

 trades in cotton and silk, and 

 contains remains of temples. 



Gadara. Ancient town of 

 Palestine, included in the Decapo- 

 lis. It stands among the hills on 

 the E. side of the Jordan, 6 m. 

 S.E. of the Lake of Tiberias. 

 Founded by Greeks, it was cap- 

 tured by Antiochus III, 218 B.C., 

 and by Alexander Jannaeus, 100 

 B.C., when it was nearly destroyed. 

 Pompey rebuilt it about 65-63 B.C., 

 and it became friendly to Rome. 

 It suffered from Jewish aggression 

 in A.D. 66-70. but flourished there- 

 after until the Mahomedan con- 

 quest. It is mentioned in Mark v, 1, 

 in connexion with the Gadarene 

 swine. Extensive ruins include re- 

 mains of two theatres, and a colon- 

 nade ; the tombs in the neighbour- 

 ing cemetery are remarkable. 



Gaddi, TABDEO (c. 1SOO-66). 

 Italian painter. Born in Florence, 

 hs studied first under his father, 

 Gaddo Gaddi, and under his god- 

 father, Giotto. Few of his works 

 survive. An altarpiecc, The Virgin 

 and Child, is in Berlin, and his 

 fresco The Last Supper, in the 

 church of Santa Croce in Florence. 

 The Triumph of S. Thomas Aquinas 

 in Santa Maria Novella, Florence, 

 attributed to him, has been 

 ascribed to a Sienese painter. 

 Deeply imbued with the spirit of 

 Giotto, Gaddi maintained that 

 master's tradition in painting. 



Gade, NIELS WILHELM ( 181 7-90). 

 Danish composer. Born at Copen- 

 hagen, Feb. 22, 1817, he became a 

 violinist in the royal orchestra. In 

 1840 his overture Nachklange aus 

 Ossian brought him into notice as 

 a composer. He assisted Mendels- 

 sohn in conducting the Gewand- 

 haus concerts at Leipzig, but in j 

 1848 returned to Copenhagen and I 

 devoted himself to composition 

 and conducting, being Kapell- 

 meister (director of the court 

 orchestra), and professor and 

 director of the musical union. He 

 died Dec. 21, 1890. Gade's com- 

 positions include orchestral and 

 chamber music, and cantatas. 



Gad Fly (Tabanus bovinus). 

 Two -winged fly nearly an inch in 

 length, exceedingly troublesome to 

 cattle and horses in summer-time. 

 It is frequently confused with the 

 bot fly (q.v.), which is entirely 

 different in its habits. Tho bot fly 

 in its early stages is an internal 

 parasite, but the larva of the gad 

 fly lives in the soil. The bot fly in 

 its perfect state frequents beasts 

 only to deposit its eggs on them, 



