GADGET * 



for its mouth parts are incapable of 

 sucking blood ; the gad fly, on the 

 other hand, has no intention of 

 making them hosts for its progeny, 

 bu, the female stabs them with her 

 proboscis and sucks their blood. 



Gadget. Slang term for any 

 small part of a piece of machinery, 

 of an aeroplane, airship, etc., the 

 exact name of which is not known 

 by the person speaking. 



Gadolinite. One of the rare 

 earths, the first to be discovered. 

 Investigated by J. Gadolin, the 

 Swedish chemist, in 1794, it was 

 shown by Ekeberg three years later 

 to contain yttrium and by other 

 chemists a number of other exceed- 

 ingly rare substances. It is a 

 greenish black mineral and is 

 chiefly found in Llano county, 

 Texas, Ytterby in Sweden, and 

 Hittero and Risor in Norway. See 

 Rare Earths ; Yttrium. 



Gadolinium (Gd.) Element of 

 which the oxide associated with ter- 

 bium was discovered by Marignac in 

 1880. These two rare elements are 

 found in gadolinite, samarskite and 

 orthite. The double magnesium 

 nitrates of terbium and gadolinium 

 are crystallised together, the gado- 

 linium salt being the more soluble. 



Gadow, HANS FRIEDRICH (b. 

 1855). Zoologist. Born in Pom- 

 erania, Germany, March 8, 1855, 

 he was educated at Frankfort-on- 

 Oder and at the universities of 

 Berlin, Jena, and Heidelberg. He 

 then settled in England, became 

 naturalised, married an English 

 lady, and in 1880 secured an 

 appointment in the natural history 

 department of the British Museum. 

 He left that in 1882 and in 1884 

 was made Strickland curator and 

 lecturer on zoology at Cambridge. 

 Gadow's books include A Classifica- 

 tion of Vertebrata, 1898 ; Amphibia 

 and Reptiles in The Cambridge 

 Natural History, 1901 ; Through 

 Southern Mexico, 1908 ; and, with 

 A. Newton, A Dictionary of Birds, 

 1893-96. 



Gadsby, HENRY ROBERT (1842- 

 1907). British music composer. 

 Born in London, Dec. 15, 1842, he 

 became a chorister in S. Paul's 

 Cathedral. Largely self-taught, in 

 1884 he became professor of har- 

 mony at Queen's College, London, 

 and afterwards at the Guildhall 

 School of Music. His compositions, 

 which include an orchestral scene, 

 The Forest of Arden, 1886, several 

 overtures, part songs, and church 

 music, show a high degree of 

 talent. He died Nov. 11, 1907. 



Gadsden. , City of Alabama, 

 U.S.A., the co. seat of Etowah co. 

 It stands on the Coosa river, 57 m. 

 N.E. of Birmingham, and is served 

 by the Louisville and Nashville and 

 other rlys. Lumbering and mining 



3392 



are carried on in the locality, and 

 the city has foundries, machine 

 shops, lumber and steel mills, wagon 

 works, and door and sash factories. 

 Gadsden was settled in 184.3, and 

 incorporated in 1867. Pop, 13,325. 



Gadsden, JAMES (1788-1858). 

 American soldier and politician. 

 Born at Charleston, S. Carolina, 

 May 15, 1788, he was educated at 

 Yale and entered the army. After 

 a long and distinguished military 

 career, which began with the war 

 of 1812, he was appointed minister 

 to Mexico, and in 1853 successfully 

 negotiated the treaty called the 

 Gadsden Purchase (q.v.). He died 

 at Charleston, Dec. 25, 1858. 



Another member of this family 

 was Christopher Gadsden (1724- 

 1805). A prominent man in S. 

 Carolina, he took part, both in the 

 forum and the field, in the struggle 

 for independence. After its con- 

 clusion he was one of the leading 

 men in S. Carolina until his death, 

 Aug. 28, 1805. 



GadsdenFurcliase,THE. Name 

 given to territory which the U.S.A. 

 obtained from Mexico in 1853. 

 The sale was negotiated by James 

 Gadsden, and amounted to 45,500 

 sq. m. This is now part of New 

 Mexico and part of Arizona, being 

 the region bounded by the Gila, 

 Rio Grande, and the Colorado river. 

 The price paid was 2,000,000. 



Gad's Hill. Village of Kent, 

 famous as the residence of Charles 

 Dickens. It is 2 m. from Rochester, 

 on the road to Gravesend. The 

 home of the novelist was Gad's Hill 

 Place (see Dickens, illus. ), a red brick 



GAELIC LANGUAGE 



house near the Sir John Falstaff. 

 Shakespeare (1 Henry IV) makes 

 Falstaff meet the men in buckram 

 in the road by here. Gadshill is 

 the name of a character in the play. 



Gad wall (Chaulelasmus sire,- 

 perus). Species of duck which is 

 found in many parts of Europe, 

 Asia, Africa, and North America. It 

 is rare in Great Britain, except 

 in Norfolk, where it is protected, 

 and breeds in fair numbers. It 

 resembles the common mallard, 

 and is an excellent table bird. See 

 Duck ; Mallard. 



Gaea OR GE. In Greek mytho- 

 logy, the earth goddess. The 

 daughter of Chaos, she was the 

 mother of Uranus (Heaven), and 

 Pontus (Sea), and by the former of 

 the Titans. She represented the 

 productive power of earth, bringing 

 forth from her bosom and nourish- 

 ing all living things. Her Roman 

 counterpart, Tellus, was associated 

 with a male divinity, Tellumo. 



Gaekwar. Title borne by the 

 ruler of Baroda. In reality it is 

 the family name of the house that 

 has governed this state since the 

 early part of the 18th century. 

 The word is derived from a native 

 word meaning a cow. See Baroda. 



Gael. Name applied to the 

 members of the Gaelic branch of 

 the Celtic race, and especially to 

 the Celtic people of the Scottish 

 Highlands. The word in Gaelic 

 itself is Gaidheal, pron. approxi- 

 mately gale, and in an earlier form 

 was Goidel ; contrary to old belief, 

 it is unconnected with Gaul, or 

 Lat. Galli, Gauls. See Celt. 



GAELIC LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE 



Magnus Maclean, Author of The Literature of the Celts 



There are articles on the various languages akin to Gaelic, e.g. 

 Breton ; Erse. Sec also Celt ; Philology ; Wales 



Gaelic, the language of the Gael 

 belongs to the European branch of 

 the Indo-European family. Philol- 

 ogy classifies the languages of 

 the European branch into: (1) 

 Greek, Latin, and Celtic in the 

 middle and S. of Europe ; (2) Eng- 

 lish, German, and Norse in the N. ; 

 and (3) Russian and Old Prussian 

 in the E. In Greek and Roman 

 times the Celts occupied the middle 

 of Europe and their language has 

 closer affinities with Greek and 

 Latin than with English, German, 

 or Norse. 



Celtic itself now stands as the 

 name for two groups of dialects 

 distinct from each other, but 

 closely related the Gadhelic and 

 Brythonic, the former comprising 

 Irish, Manx, and Scottish Gaelic ; 

 and the latter, Welsh, Cornish, and 

 Breton. They are also known as 

 the Q and P groups in accordance 

 with a well-marked linguistic dis- 



tinction which differentiates them. 

 Though Irish, Manx, and Scottish 

 Gaelic are all derived from the 

 ancient Gaelic, the original name is 

 now almost exclusively restricted to 

 the Gaelic spoken in the Scottish 

 Highlands. 



For three centuries, from the 5th 

 onwards, the language and litera- 

 ture of Gaelic Ireland and Gaelic 

 Scotland were virtually the same. 

 The Gaels had come from Ireland 

 into Scotland. But after the Norse- 

 men began their raids, intei-course 

 between the two countries was 

 interrupted, and this in time, under 

 Pictish and Norse influences, led 

 to a divergence in the speech a 

 process which the Reformation ac- 

 centuated, so that Irish and Gaelic 

 are now separate dialects. 



The beginnings of Gaelic litera- 

 ture date back to the 5th century 

 A.D. But even before then, in pagan 

 times, there existed the material- 



