GAINE 



3395 



GA1RDNER 



Gaine. French name for a 

 component employed in high 

 explosive shell. It has been 

 adopted in English, where the term 

 exploder container is also used 

 to describe a similar fitting. High 

 explosive shell must be filled with 

 insensitive explosive to prevent 

 premature detonations under the 

 influence of the shock of dis- 

 charge, and these must also be 

 compressed to high density to 

 eliminate the possibility of move- 

 ment when the shell is fired. The 

 increased density further reduces 

 the sensitivity, and consequently 

 a fulminate detonator is alone in- 

 sufficient for the initiation of the 

 charge, and the gaine is intro- 

 duced to eliminate this defect. 



In modern high explosive shell 

 the gaine consists of a fairly stout 

 steel tube, closed at one end, 

 which is screwed into the nose or 

 base of the shell so that it is em- 

 bedded in the high explosive 

 charge, whilst its open end is 

 threaded to accommodate the 

 fuse. The gaine is filled either 

 with a more sensitive high ex- 

 plosive than the charge, or with 

 the same explosive in a loose con- 

 dition. Its great sensitivity and 

 the confinement of the steel walls 

 of the gaine enable it to be com- 

 pletely detonated by the fulminate 

 in the fuse, and to communicate 

 detonation to the main charge. 

 See Exploder ; Explosives ; Shell. 



Gainesville. City of Florida, 

 U.S.A., the co. seat of Alachua co. 

 A winter resort and busy rly. junc- 

 tion, it is 70 m. S.W. of Jackson- 

 ville, and is served by the Sea- 

 board Air Line and other rlys. It 

 is the seat of Florida State Uni- 

 versity, removed there from Lake 

 City in 1905, and contains a public 

 library. Fertilisers and lumber 

 products are manufactured, and 

 there are bottling works, wagon 

 works, and foundries. Settled 

 in 1850, Gainesville was incor- 

 porated in 1869, and received a 

 city charter in 1907. Pop. 6,183. 



Gainsborough. Urban dist., 

 market town, and river port of 

 Lincolnshire, England. It stands 

 on the Trent, 18 m. N.W. of Lin- 

 coln by the G.C. and the G.N. and 

 G.E. Jt. Rlys. The parish church 

 of All Saints has a 12th century 

 tower, and the Old Hall or manor- 

 house is a picturesque 15th century 

 building, restored in 1884. 



Gainsborough is the St. Ogg's 

 of George Eliot's Mill on the 

 Floss. The industries include ship- 

 building, ironfounding, and the 

 manufacture of linseed oil, and a 

 large inland trade is carried on by 

 means of the canals connecting with 

 the Trent. The council owns the gas 

 and water supplies, and maintains 



1788, was almost 

 entirely concerned 

 with his genius. 



Of his won- 

 derful paintings, 

 more than 200 

 were portraits. He 

 also practised the 

 art of etching 

 with some success, 

 and produced a 

 few plates in aqua- 

 tint. Some of his 

 finest pictures are 

 in the National 

 Gallery, Dulwich 

 Gallery, Windsor 

 Castle, Grosvenor 

 House, Buckingham Palace, 

 National Gallery at Edinburgh, 

 and the Wallace Collection, and 

 many are in private American col- 

 lections. A man who was much 

 beloved, and an accomplished 

 musician, Gainsborough stands in 



88). English painter. Bora at the front rank of English portrait 

 Sudbury, in Suffolk, and baptized and .landscape painters. For ex- 

 quisite beauty and vibrant quality, 

 his portraits have never been sur- 

 passed. Their grace and dignity 

 are unparalleled. See Art ; Char- 

 lotte ; illus. G. C. Williamson 

 Bibliography. Sketch of the Life 

 and Paintings of Thomas Gains- 

 borough, P. Thicknesse, 1788; 

 Lives, G. W. Fulcher, ed. E. S. 

 Fulcher, 1856; N. D'Anvers, 1897; 

 Lord R. Gower, 1903; Great Eng- 



<^^^-*<f^**\ ^ 1745 he lish Painters, Allan Cunningham, 

 //K^#* ^y* married rev - ed - w - Sharp, 1893; Thomas 



Gainsborough, W. Armstrong, rev. 



Gainsborough, Lincolnshire. The Old Hall, a baronial 

 structure rebuilt 1480-1500 



baths, library, recreation grounds, 

 markets, and corn exchange. It 

 gives its name to a co. div. re- 

 turning one member to Parliament. 

 Four fairs are held annually. Mar- 

 ket day, Tues. Pop. 20,600. 



Gainsborough, THOMAS (1727- 



in May, 1727, 

 he was sent to 

 London at the 

 age of thirteen, 

 and is believed 

 to have studied 

 at the Acad- 

 emy of Arts in 

 St. Martin's 

 Lane. In 

 1745 he 

 * married 



*JfeT^;/*!ft* 



couple to settle in Ipswich. 



In Ipswich he made the acquaint- 

 ance of Thicknesse, the governor 

 of Landguard Fort, who advised 

 him to go to Bath to try his for 



W. T. Whitley,1915; A Discursive 

 Handbook on Copying with special 

 reference to the Lives and work of 

 Reynolds and Gainsborough, W. S. 

 Span ton, 1920, etc. 



Gairdner. Salt-water lake of 



tune. This Gainsborough did in L^tf ^0 V's W ^f taS 

 Oct., 1759, and his portraits at- ieve1 ' 9 



tracted considerable attention 

 there. On the foundation of the 

 Royal Academy he became one of 

 its original members, and in 1774 

 left Bath for London to reside at 

 Schomberg House in Pall Mall. 

 There his reputation reached its 

 height. His studio was crowded 

 with sitters, and, although he 

 raised his prices several times, he 

 was unable to keep pace with the 

 demands made upon him. He 

 exhibited yearly at the Royal 

 Academy until 1783, when he 

 quarrelled with the council con- 

 cerning the position allotted to his 

 portrait group of the princess royal 

 with the princesses Augusta and 

 Elizabeth. After that he ceased to 

 exhibit at the Academy. He died 

 at Scbomberg House, Aug. 2, 178S 

 and was buried in Kew churchyard 

 Sir Joshua Reynolds's 14th Dis 

 course, delivered to the students 

 of the Royal Academy, Dec. 10, 



Thomas Gainsborough. His portrait of 



Master Buttall (e. 1770), commonly 



called the Blue Boy 



