James Gairdner, 

 British historian 



Runell 



GAIRDNER 



Torrens. Its length from N. to S. 

 is 100 m., and its maximum 

 breadth 40 m. 



Gairdner, JAMES (1828-1912). 

 British historian. Born in Edin- 

 burgh, March 22, 1828, he entered 

 the Public Re- 

 cord Office in 

 London in 

 1846,andspent 

 nearly his 

 whole life 

 there. He was 

 made a C.B. in 

 1900, and died 

 Nov. 4, 1912, 

 Gairdner' s re- 

 searches were 

 mainly con- 

 cerned with the early Tudor period. 

 He edited the Letters and Papers 

 of the Reign of Henry VIII, from 

 vol. V onwards, 1880-1910 ; and 

 The Paston Letters, 3 vols., 1872- 

 75 ; while among his writings are 

 Henry VIII, 1889; History of 

 Richard III, 1898; The Early 

 Tudors, 1902 (Cambridge Modern 

 Hist. vol. 1 ) ; and Lollardy and the 

 Reformation in England, 1908-11. 



Gairloch. Sea loch of Scotland. 

 On the W. coast of Ross and 

 Cromarty, it is 6 m. long and 3 J m. 

 broad at the entrance. The name 

 is also borne by a village at the 

 head of the loch, which has a pier 

 at which steamers call, and golf 

 links. Pop. 3,300. 



Gaiseric OR GENSERIC (c. 395- 

 477). Vandal king. The son of a 

 king, he himself became king on 

 the death of his brother in 428, 

 being doubtless chosen on account 

 of his reputation as a fighter. His 

 people were then in Spain, but he 

 led many of them across to Africa 

 and made his first conquests at the 

 expense of the Romans there. The 

 emperor Valentinian III recog- 

 nized the new Vandal kingdom, of 

 which Carthage was the capital. 

 Gaiseric then began a career of 

 conquest at sea, capturing Sicily, 

 Sardinia, and Corsica, making his 

 hordes feared by the dwellers along 

 the Mediterranean coasts. His 

 greatest exploit was the sack of 

 Rome, 455. His power remained un- 

 shaken until his death, Jan. 25, 477. 

 See Genseric, King of the Vandals 

 and First Prussian Kaiser, P. 

 Bigelow, 1918. 



Gaisford, THOMAS (1779-1855). 

 British scholar. Born Dec. 22, 

 1779, at Iford, Wiltshire, the son of 

 John Gaisford, he was educated at 

 a school near Winchester. In 1797 

 he entered Christ Church, Oxford, 

 becoming tutor. He was then or- 

 dained. In 1812 he was chosen 

 regius professor of Greek, and in 

 1831 became dean of Christ Church" 

 a post he retained until his death, 

 June 2, 1855. Gaisford made a 



3396 



great reputation as a Greek 

 scholar by his edition of many 

 of the Greek writers. He did useful 

 work in connexion with the Oxford 

 University Press. 



Gaiters (Fr. guftre). Covering 

 of cloth for the leg, buttoning from 

 knee to ankle, and usually ex- 



T 



Gaiters. 1. Military, 2nd half of 



18th century. 2. Bishop's. 3. As 



worn in Highland regiments. 4. 



Women's and men's, 1920 

 tending to the instep. Spatter- 

 dashes, or " spats," both forms of 

 gaiters, used to form part of a 

 military costume, and still exist 

 in that of Highland regiments. 



Gaius (2nd century A.D.). 

 Roman jurist. Except that he 

 lived during the period from 

 Hadrian to Marcus Aurelius, 

 nothing is known of him, not even 

 his full name. Fragments of his 

 Institutiones were preserved in 

 Justinian's Digest and other works, 

 while in 1816 the historian Nie- 

 buhr discovered, in the library of 

 the chapter house at Verona, a 

 MS. of Jerome, written over an 

 almost complete copy of the work. 

 See Roman Law. 



Gala Beds. In geology, a group 

 of sedimentary rocks, shales, flag- 

 stones, grits, etc. Between 3,000 

 and 5,000 feet in thickness, they 

 are developed in the S. of Scotland. 



Galactorrhoea. Term applied 

 to a disorder of lactation in which 

 there is persistent excess in the 

 amount of milk secreted, but the 

 milk is thin and poor in quality. 

 It is generally the result of de- 

 bility in the mother, and usually 

 renders weaning of the infant 

 desirable. 



Galago. Group of small, long- 

 tailed, lemuroid animals, found in 

 most parts of tropical Africa. The 

 largest of them is about the size of 

 a domestic cat, while the smallest 

 is only five inches long. They are 

 nocturnal in habit, and feed mainly 

 on fruits, insects, and small birds. 

 They are readily distinguished 

 from the true lemurs by their very 

 large earp. 



GALAPAGOS 



Galahad. JKnight of Arthur's 

 Round Table, who achieved the 

 vision of the Holy Grail. Son of 

 Lancelot and Elaine, daughter of 

 King Pelles, he was brought up by 

 nuns, came to Camelot on the eve 

 of Pentecost, and received knight- 

 hood at Arthur's hand. " After 

 riding on many strange ad- 

 ventures, he started, with Sir Per- 

 cevale and Sir Bors, on the quest 

 of the Sangreal, and was granted 

 the sight of the mystic cup from 

 which Christ drank at the Last 

 Supper. Thereupon Galahad asked 

 for death, and when, in due course, 

 his hour came, the Sangreal was 



Galahad, the knight of purity. From 



the picture by G. F. Watts, in the 



chapel of Eton College 



borne up to heaven and never seen 

 of man again. See Grail; Morte 

 d' Arthur. 



Galantine (Fr.). Dish of cold 

 meat covered with jelly. The name 

 is probably derived from late Lat. 

 galalina, jelly, ultimately from 

 Lat. gelare, to freeze. _f 



Galapagos OR TORTOISE IS- 

 LANDS. Group of volcanic islands 

 in the Pacific Ocean, 695 m. W. of 

 Ecuador, to which they belong. 



Galago. Specimen of the Maholi 

 galago 



