GALITZIN 



3401 



GALLA OX 



This marked a revolution in as- 

 tronomy, and Galileo's first obser- 

 vations were published in" Sidereus 

 nuncius, 1610. Specially notable 

 was his discovery of the satellites of 

 Jupiter, confirming the planetary 

 theory of Copernicus (q*v. ). In that 

 year Galileo moved to Florence, 

 as mathematician to the duke of 

 Tuscany, and observed sun-spots 

 and the formation of Saturn. Dur- 

 ing 1613-15 he was engaged in 

 controversy on the theological im- 

 plications of his discoveries, and 

 of the Copernican theory, which 

 resulted in his being warned by 

 the Holy Office, in Feb;, 1616, not 

 to preach the latter doctrine. 



In 1632 appeared his great work, 

 The Dialogue of Two Systems of 

 the World, and the controversy re- 

 opened. Summoned to Rome, he 

 was obliged to recant the doctrine 

 that the earth moved round the sun. 

 He returned to Florence, where he 

 spent his remaining years. Be- 

 coming blind in 1637, he died on 

 Jan. 8, 1642. 



Bibliography. Works, ed. E. Al- 

 beri, 16 vols., 1842-56 ; ed. A. 

 Favaro, 20 vols., 1890-1909, etc. ; 

 Galileo and his Judges, F. R. W. 

 Prosser, 1889 : Galileo : his Life and 

 Work, J. J. Fahie, 1903 ; Galileo (in 

 Pioneers of Progress Series), W. W. 

 Bryant, 1918. 



I Galitzin. Name of a Russian 

 noble family. Vasili Galitzin was 

 its first prominent member, and 

 after him came two brothers, 

 Mikhail and Dmitri. Mikhail 

 (1674-1730) was a soldier who 

 assisted Peter the Great in his wars 

 with Sweden; Dmitri (d. 1738) 

 was one of those who helped Anne 

 to secure the throne in 1730 ; in 

 1731, however, he was banished, 

 and he died in prison. Later 

 members included Dmitri Alexei- 

 vitch (1738-1803), ambassador to 

 France and to the Netherlands. 

 He was also a writer on scientific 

 subjects, the husband of Princess 

 Galitzin, and the correspondent 

 of Voltaire. 



Galitzin, ADELHEID AMALIE, 

 PRINCESS (1748-1806). German 

 pietist. The daughter of a Prussian 

 general, she was born at Berlin, 

 Aug. 28, 1748, and married Dmitri 

 Galitzin, Russian ambassador to 

 Holland and France. Of literary 

 tastes and an extraordinarily ami- 

 able disposition, she became noted 

 for her piety. She established a 

 circle of pietists in Munster. She 

 died Aug. 24, 1806. 



Galitzin, VASILI VASILIEVITCH 

 (1643-1713). Russian statesman. 

 In 1676 he was successful in a cam- 

 paign against the Dnieper Cos- 

 sacks and in 1682 became minister 

 of foreign affairs. Regent during 

 the minority of Peter the Great, he 

 wielded great influence and ruled 



Russia with a firm but just hand. 

 He led two expeditions into the 

 Crimea. In 1689 the regency ended, 

 and Galitzin was sent into exile, 

 dying in Siberia, March 13, 1713. 



Galitzin, NICHOLAS DMITBIE- 

 VITCH, PRINCE (b. 1850). Russian 

 statesman. The son of Prince 

 Dmitri Borisovitch, he was born 

 in March, 1850. Educated at the 

 Lycee Alexander, he spent two 

 years at the ministry of the interior. 

 He was transferred in 1879 to 

 Archangel as vice-governor, and in 

 1887, after acting for a brief period 

 as director of the economic de- 

 partment in the ministry of the 

 interior and for two years as 

 governor of Archangel, he was pro- 

 moted full governor. In 1893 he 

 was governor of Kaluga, and in 

 1897 was transferred in a similar 

 capacity to Tver. He later became 

 a senator and member of the council 

 of the empire, and was appointed 

 prime minister in Jan., 1917, in 

 succession to Trepoff. 



Galium. Genus of hardy annual 

 and perennial plants belonging to 

 the order Rubiaceae. Its common 

 name is bedstraw (q.v.). 



Gall. Word used in different 

 senses according to its etymology. 

 ( 1 ) The fluid secreted from the liver, 

 more generally known as bile (Gr. 

 chole, Lat. fel). The phrase gall 

 and wormwood is used to express 

 anything specially painful or un- 

 pleasant. (2) The gall-nut or oak- 

 apple (Lat. galla), a swelling on the 

 oak-tree resulting from the attacks 

 of certain parasitic insects. From 

 this probably comes the meaning of 

 a soft tumour or sore on a horse's 

 back, the result of rubbing, the 

 verb to gall being used in the sense 

 of to chafe. 



The galls which are on trees and 

 herbs are varied in their nature and 

 origin, the majority owing their 

 existence to newly-formed growths 

 caused by the punctures of insects 

 (gall-flies, beetles, etc.) to accom- 

 modate their eggs, this act causing 

 an abnormal development of cell- 

 tissue round the egg upon which the 

 insect grub feeds. Of this class 

 are the familiar oak-apples, bullet- 

 galls., and leaf -spangles of the oak, 

 the nail-galls of the beech and lime, 

 and the cone -like galls on the shoots 

 of spruce. Other galls, such as the 

 " Witches-broom " which appears 

 on pine trees, are caused by fungi. 

 See Gall-fly. 



Gall (c. 550-645). Irish saint. 

 Born in Ireland, he was educated at 

 Bangor under S. Columban. In 

 585 he went to France, and later to 

 the neighbourhood of Lake Con- 

 stance, where his preaching con- 

 verted large numbers to Christian- 

 ity. In 61 4 he founded the monas- 

 tery of S. Gall, on the river Steinach, 



Franz Josef Gall, 

 German anatomist 



which became a great centre of 

 learning. Offered the bishopric of 

 Constance, 616, he declined. He 

 died at Arbon, Oct. 16, 645. 



Gall, FRANZ JOSEF (1758-1828). 

 German anatomist and founder of 

 phrenology. Born at Tiefenbronn, 

 near Baden, 

 March 9, 1758, 

 he studied med- 

 icine at Stras- 

 bourg and Vi- 

 enna. Interest- 

 ed by the possi- 

 bility of a con- 



m ^| nexion b e - 



I ; W Jral I tween the form 



of the skull 

 and mental 

 growth and characteristics, he 

 gave lectures on this subject in 

 Vienna in 1796. In 1800 Joseph 

 Caspar Spurzheim (1776-1832) 

 became his pupil, and in 1804 his 

 partner in research. They toured 

 Germany and Switzerland lectur- 

 ing, and came to Paris in 1807. In 

 March, 1808, they laid before a 

 committee of the Institute a state- 

 ment of their theories, which was 

 unfavourably reported upon. After 

 Spurzheim left France in 1813, 

 Gall continued to work in Paris 

 till his death at Montrouge, Aug. 

 22, 1828. Among his works are 

 Anatomic et Physiologie du Sys- 

 teme Nerveux, 1810-19; Intro- 

 duction au Cours de Physiologie 

 du Cerveau, 1808. 



Galla. People of Hamitic stock 

 W. of Somaliland, in S. Abyssinia 

 and the colony of Kenya (bar- 

 barians). First of the Hamites to 

 occupy the eastern horn of Africa, 

 they were driven inland by the 

 allied Somali, and their original 

 nomadism is now tempered by 

 settled agriculture. Numbering 

 3,500,000, they breed horses in the 

 Christianised north, cattle in the 

 Moslemised south. Mingled with 

 Nilotic negroes, they gave rise to 

 the Masai; E. of the great lakes 

 they became the Bahima herds- 

 men of Uganda and the Unyoro 

 aristocracy. A negroid strain is 

 perceptible in skin-colour and hair, 

 in culture and belief. See Abyssinia; 

 Africa, illus. 



Gallabat. Town of the Anglo- 

 Egyptian Sudan. It stands on a 

 tributary of the Atbara, near the 

 Abyssinian frontier. There is con- 

 siderable trade with Abyssinia, 

 Gallabat forming one of the 

 frontier customs posts. 



Galla Ox OR SANGA. Domesti- 

 cated breed of humped cattle, 

 found only in Abyssinia and the 

 surrounding country. It is re- 

 markable for its very massive 

 horns, and it has been suggested 

 that it is a descendant of the 

 Indian buffalo. 



