GALLIC ACID 



GALLIOT 



in name, disappeared, and its 

 place was filled by the minuet and 

 sarabande, as representatives of 

 triple time. See Minuet ; Pa vane : 

 Sarabande ; Suite. 



Gallic Acid (H 3 C 7 H 3 (VH,0). 

 Substance with an astringent taste. 

 It occurs naturally in small quan- 

 tities in galls, sumach, and divi 

 divi. It is best prepared by Scheele's 

 method ; finely powdered gall-nuts 

 are extracted with cold water and 

 the separated solution is allowed to 

 become mouldy. The fermentation 

 thus set up converts, or hydro 

 lyses, the tannin into gallic acid. It 

 is also prepared by boiling tannin 

 with dilute sulphuric acid. Gallic 

 acid is used in medicine as an 

 astringent, and in photography on 

 account of its power of reducing 

 gold and silver salts. 



Gallican Church (Lat. Gallia, 

 Gaul). National church of France. 

 It arose under Irenaeus towards 

 the close of the 3rd century, took 

 definite shape as a state organiza- 

 tion under Charlemagne, and was 

 consolidated by decrees of Louis 

 IX in 1226-70, the controversies 

 between Philippe IV and Boniface 

 VIII, and Louis XIV and Innocent 

 XI, and the councils of Pisa, Con- 

 stance, and Basel. At the instance 

 of Louis XIV its principles were 

 drawn up by Bossuet in a document 

 which maintained that S. Peter's 

 successors had power alone in 

 spiritual things and that papal 

 decisions were valid only with the 

 consent of the whole Church. 



This attitude of independence of 

 Rome became known as Gallican- 

 ism and had its advocates in other 

 countries. It was opposed by 

 Ultramontanism, or defence of 

 Roman centralization ; but the 

 Vatican has always regarded it as 

 representing a contest between 

 despotic rulers and corrupt ecclesi- 

 astics for church property, patron- 

 age, and influence, and by the 

 definition of papal infallibility it 

 became a formal heresy. 



The Gallican church was abol- 

 ished at the Revolution of 1789, 

 re-established under Napoleon, and 

 finally severed from the state during 

 the Third Republic. Its specific 

 Gallicanism had become obso- 

 lescent before it ceased to be a 

 national church. See Bossuet ; Con- 

 cordat ; Fenelon ; France ; Jansen- 

 ism ; Jesuits; Lamennais ; Ultra- 

 montane; consult also The Gallican 

 Church in the Revolution, W. H. 

 Jervis, 1882; Church and State in 

 France, A. H. Galton, 1907. 



Gallieni, JOSEPH SIMON (1849- 

 1916). French soldier. Born at 

 S. Beat, Haute Garonne, April 24, 

 1849, he entered the French army 

 in 1870 as lieutenant of marines, 

 taking part in the Franco-Prussian 



Joseph S. Gallieni, 

 French soldier 



War, and later seeing active service 

 in the Sudan and Indo-China. He 

 was governor of Madagascar from 

 1896-1905, organized the island as 

 a French colony, and published an 

 account of this work in Neuf ans a 

 Madagascar, 1908. In 1908 he be- 

 came a member of the Conseil Su- 

 perieur de 

 Guerre. During 

 the Great War 

 he was a p- 

 pointed milit- 

 ary governor of 

 Paris, Aug. 26, 

 19 14, saw to its 

 fort ifications, 

 and rendered 

 substantial as- 

 sistance to the 

 French Sixth Army under General 

 Manoury. He was named the 

 " Saviour of Paris," as his plans 

 helped to decide the victory of 

 the Marne, Sept., 1914. In Oct., 

 1915, he was minister of war in the 

 cabinet of M. Briand, but com- 

 pelled to resign by ill-health in 

 March, 1916, he died" on May 27. 

 He was posthumously created a 

 marshal of France in 1921. 



Gallienus, PUBLIUS LICINIUS 

 EGNATIUS. Roman emperor A.D. 

 260-268. He was associated with 

 his father, Valerian, in the govern- 

 ment from 253 onwards, and suc- 

 ceeded him on his disappearance in 

 the disastrous Persian campaign. 

 Vain and frivolous, Gallienus was 

 quite unfitted to rule in these diffi- 

 cult times. During his reign the 

 separate " Empire of the Gauls " 

 was created under Postumus, and 

 the prince of Palmyra, followed by 

 his more famous wife Zenobia, 

 formed what was, in effect, an in- 

 dependent kingdom carved out of 

 the eastern portion of the empire. 

 Hordes of Goths penetrated the 

 N.E. frontier, while plague ma- 

 terially reduced the population 

 of the empire. Usurpers arose 

 in all parts, and while dealing 

 with one of these, named Aureolus, 

 Gallienus was murdered by his 

 own soldiery. 



Gaston Galliffet, 

 French soldier 



Galliot, a Dutch sailing vessel 



Galliffet, GASTON ALEXANDRE 

 AUGUSTE, MARQUIS DE (1830-1909). 

 French soldier and politician. Born 

 Jan. 21, 1830, 

 he entered the 

 army in 1848, 

 and saw service 

 in the Crimea, 

 1854-55; in 

 the Italian War, 

 1859; in Mexico, 

 1863 ; in Alge- 

 ria, 1864-67 , 

 and in the 

 Franco-Prussian 

 War, 1870, when he was taken 

 prisoner at Sedan. After his 

 release, he was set to crush 

 the Communards after the siege 

 of Paris, and, performing his un- 

 pleasant duty with great severity, 

 was attacked by his political 

 enemies for the rest of his life. 

 After another period in Algeria, 

 1872-73, he saw no more active 

 service. In 1899 he was made war 

 minister in Waldeck-Rousseau's 

 cabinet, and died July 8, 1909. 



Gallinaceous Birds (Lat. gal- 

 lus, a cock). Name applied to 

 game birds generally. It includes 

 such groups as the pheasants, par- 

 tridges, quails, and domestic 

 fowls. They are found in practi- 

 cally all parts of the world, and are 

 valued for the table. See Fowl ; 

 Grouse ; Pheasant ; Poultry. 



Gallic. Proconsul of Achaia in 

 the middle of the 1st century A.D. 

 He was a brother of the Stoic phil- 

 osopher, Seneca. Paul was brought 

 before him at Corinth. Amiable, 

 accomplished, and of mild disposi- 

 tion, he typified Roman impar- 

 tiality towards the controversies of 

 the sects and parties around him. 

 The phrase " he cared for none of 

 these things" (Acts xviii, 17) 

 seems to imply this impartiality 

 rather than to indicate either hos- 

 tility or indifference to Paul. It is 

 commonly applied to anyone who 

 stands aloof from controversy. 



Galliot (late Lat. galeota, small 

 galley). Type of Dutch trader 

 somewhat akin to the British 



barge, a n d n o \v 



i almost obsolete. 

 I The galliot is a 

 *1 long, narrow, two- 

 ' masted craft of 

 I about 100 tons 

 I burden.' She 

 carries a main 

 I mastandamizzen, 

 ^ but the sail on the 

 ! latter is of small 

 area and used prin- 

 cipally to assist in 

 steering the vessel. 

 The mainsail is 

 short at the head 

 and very long at the 

 foot, or bottom. 



