

GALLIUM 



GALLUS 





Mazing up on the beaches of the 

 1 stores which had been left behind, 

 and which had been fired simul- 

 taneously by time -fuses. Then he 

 heavily shelled the abandoned 

 beaches and trenches, nor did he 

 cease firing until the sun rose and 

 revealed that the Allies had got 

 clear away.^ The total casualties 

 incurred in the operation amounted 

 to one man wounded. The one 

 unequivocal and perfect success of 

 the Gallipoli Expedition was the 

 evacuation of the peninsula. 



Gallium. Metal belonging to 

 the zinc group. It was discovered 

 in 1875 by Lecoq de Boisbaudran, 

 the French chemist, in samples of 

 zinc blende obtained in the Py- 

 renees. Its chemical symbol is 

 Ga. ; atomic weight, 69 '8 ; specific 

 gravity, 5 '9. Its melting-point is 

 only 86 F., and once melted it 

 remains liquid like mercury even 

 at low temperatures. It is of white, 

 lustrous appearance, does not tarn- 

 ish in the air, and is not affected 

 by water at ordinary temperatures. 

 Gallon. British standard mea- 

 sure of liquid and dry capacity. 

 The exact volume of the gallon has 

 varied from time to time, that of 

 Henry VII being 274 cubic ins., 

 and the wine gallon of Queen 

 Anne, 1707, being 231 cubic ins., 

 but it became standardised by the 

 Act 5, Geo. IV, c. 74, in 1824, as 

 containing 277'274 cubic ins. This 

 figure was fixed by taking the 

 volume of 10 Ib. of distilled water 

 measured at barometric pressure 

 30 ins., and temperature 62 F. 



The gallon is divided into four 

 quarts or eight pints, and equals 

 4*54346 litres. Two gallons make 

 one peck. The gallon in the U.S.A. 

 and Canada is that of Queen 

 Anne, 231 cub. ins. The word itself 

 is of doubtful origin, possibly con- 

 nected with the French jale, bowl, 

 the -on being augmentative, and 

 thus meaning a large bowl. 



Galloon (Fr. galon, Span. 

 galon). Worsted lace or trimming 

 of cotton or silk, or woven with a 

 metallic thread. It is used on 

 uniforms. 



Galloway. District of S.W. 

 Scotland. Comprising the counties 

 of Kirkcudbright and Wigtown, 

 it is now divided into three por- 

 tions Upper, Lower, and the 

 Rhinns of Galloway. It is noted 

 for a celebrated breed of horses 

 and hornless cattle. It gives its 

 name to a div. returning one 

 member to Parliament. 



Galloway, MULL OF. Promon- 

 tory, the extreme S. point of Scot- 

 land. It has a lighthouse (86 ft. 

 high), and there are remains of 

 Scandinavian defences and the 

 chapel of S. Medan, which was 

 erected around a natural cave. 



Galloway, EARL OF. Scottish 

 title borne since 1623 by the 

 family of Stuart. The first earl 

 was Sir Alexander Stewart, a con- 

 nexion of the Stewart kings of 

 Scotland and the desc.udant of 

 men who had played a part in 

 their country's history. In 1607 

 he was made Baron Garlics, and 

 in 1623 earl of Galloway. James, 

 the 2nd earl, was a royalist during 

 the Civil War, and James, the 

 5th earl, was a politician in the 

 time of Anne. 



John, the 7th earl, a member 

 of George Ill's household, was 

 made a peer of the United King- 

 dom in 1796, and his son George, 

 the 8th earl, was an M.P. and a 

 lord of the admiralty. Randolph, 

 the llth earl (1836-1920), served 

 with the Black Watch in the 

 Crimea and the Indian Mutiny. 

 He was succeeded by his eldest 

 son (b. 1892), who served in the 

 Great War with the Scots Guards, 

 and was a prisoner of war in Ger- 

 many for a long time. The exten- 

 sive family lands are mainly in 

 Kirkcudbrightshire and Wigtown- 

 shire. The earl's eldest son is 

 known as Lord Garlics. 



Gallowglass OR GALLOGLASS. 

 Name given to the members of the 

 armed retinues of ancient Irish 

 and Scottish chiefs. They were 

 heavy-armed foot soldiers, in con- 

 trast with the kernes or caterans, 

 who carried only light weapons. 

 The word is an adaptation of the 

 Gaelic gall-oglach, meaning a 

 foreign servitor. 



Gallows. Apparatus used for 

 the execution of criminals. It 

 consists usually of two posts with 

 a horizontal beam, to which is 

 fastened the execution rope. In 

 some forms of gallows there is only 

 one upright post, with a projecting 

 beam. This form is more generally 

 called a gibbet, and from them 

 were hung malefactors in chains 

 as a warning to others. 



Till the passing of the Act of 

 1868 gallows were erected in 

 public, the most notorious being 

 those at Tyburn, and in front of 

 Newgate. The criminal was slowly 

 strangled, the trap-door and drop 

 being modern. See Execution ; 

 Gibbet. 



Gall-stones OR BILIARY CAL- 

 CULI. Masses consisting chiefly of 

 cholesterol and bile-pigments which 

 are formed in the gall-bladder, and 

 much less frequently in the sub- 

 stance of the liver. In the gall- 

 bladder the number of calculi may 

 vary from a single stone, perhaps 

 measuring as much as four inches 

 across, to many hundreds of small 

 stones ; those formed in the liver 

 are usually small grains. The 

 essential cause of gall-stones ap- 



pears to be catarrhal inflammation 

 of the mucous membrane of the 

 gall-bladder, which is probably set 

 up by micro-organisms. In a con- 

 siderable number of cases the 

 condition has followed enteric 

 fever. The formation of gall- 

 stones is rare in those below 25 

 years of age, and most frequently 

 occurs after the age of 40. Women, 



Gallows. Wayside gibbet formerly used 

 for the execution of highway robbers 



especially those who have borne 

 children, are much more liable t& 

 the condition than men. Sedentary 

 occupation, over. eating, and con- 

 stipation are predisposing factors. 



Gall-stones may be present in 

 the gall-bladder for years without 

 causing any symptoms. The pas- 

 sage of small stones and biliary 

 " sand " from the gall-bladder into 

 the intestine may give rise to 

 spasmodic pain, generally attri- 

 buted to indigestion. The passage 

 of a rough or larger stone may set 

 up violent biliary colic, with 

 agonising pain, vomiting, sweating, 

 and often a rise of temperature. 

 These symptoms abate when the 

 stone passes into the intestine. 

 Sometimes the calculus becomes 

 impacted in the common bile duct, 

 the channel leading from the gall- 

 bladder to the intestine, and this 

 may give rise to intense jaundice, 

 followed by inflammation of the 

 liver. During an attack of biliary 

 colic the patient should be given 

 copious draughts of alkaline waters 

 and the pain may be relieved by 

 hot baths, hot fomentations over 

 the liver, and hypodermic injec- 

 tions of morphia. Severe cases 

 may demand surgical treatment. 



Gallus, GAIUS CORNELIUS (d. 

 26 B.C.). Roman poet, born at 

 Forum Julii (Frejus) in Gaul. His 

 distinguished public career, under 

 Augustus, culminating with the 



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