GAME FOWL 



3416 



GANDERSHEIM 





Game Fowl. Breed of domestic 

 fowls descended from those used in 

 the cockpits for betting purposes. 

 The birds used for this purpose had 

 as their ancestors the wild jungle- 

 fowl (Gall us bankiva) of India. Up 

 to the beginning of the 19th cen- 

 tury the English game-fowl ap- 

 pears to have been little altered by 

 domestication from the wild birds, 

 having the strong beak, single 

 upright comb, and the very long, 

 sharply pointed spur at the back 

 of the leg. They were sparsely 

 built, and their feathers pressed 

 closely to the body. The pugna- 

 cious disposition' of the cock was 

 shared by the hen and the chickens, 

 the young cocks crowing and fight- 

 ing among themselves even before 

 they had left their mother's care. 

 See'Cockfighting. 



Game Laws. In England, the 

 Acts which deal in a special manner 

 with poaching and trespassing in 

 pursuit of game ; and those which 

 impose restrictions on the killing of 

 game, two very different matters. 

 Game includes hares, pheasants, 

 partridges, grouse, heath or moor 

 game, black game, and bustards, 

 and for some legal purposes, 

 woodcock, snipe, quails, landrails, 

 and rabbits. 



Under the Larceny Act, 1861, it 

 is a misdemeanour to kill or take 

 any hare or rabbit in a warren by 

 night, and a fineable offence (5) to 

 do so by day. By the various Night 

 Poaching Acts of 1828, and other 

 years, it is punishable unlawfully 

 to take or destroy any game or rab- 

 bits by night hi any enclosed land or 

 road, highway, etc., adjoining ; or to 

 enter any land, enclosed or not, with 

 gun.netfengine, or other instrument 

 for taking or destroying game. Arrest 

 may be effected by a licensed game- 

 keeper. Any policeman or con- 

 stable on any highway or public 

 place may stop and search anyone 

 whom he reasonably suspects of 

 being in unlawful possession of 

 game, or to see if he has a gun or 

 other poaching instrument. A 

 licence is required to shoot or to 

 deal in game. See Oke's Game Laws, 

 5th ed., L. Mead, 1912. 



Games. Word of Teutonic 

 origin, meaning sports or amuse- 

 ments. The Lathi word is ludi, 

 hence the phrase used in the public 

 schools of victor ludorum. Both 

 Greece and Rome had their public 

 games, the forerunners of the 

 athletic meetings of to-day. Among 

 the Greeks the chief games were 

 the Isthmian, Nemean, Olympian, 

 and Pythian. The idea has been 

 revived in the Olympic Games. 

 The various games are described 

 each under its own title in this 

 work. See Cricket ; Football, etc. ; 

 Ludi ; Olympic Games. , 



Sairey Gamp, the loquacious nurse 

 in Dickens's Martin Cbuzzlewit 



After Fred Barnard 



Gaming. Term used mainly in 

 law, and meaning practically the 

 same as gambling. By the Common 

 Law of England, a wagering con- 

 tract or bet was as legal as any 

 other. But by the Gaming Act, 

 1835, " All contracts or agreements 



T-A 3 C V E F G a b . 



Gammarus. Genus of amphi- 

 pod crustaceans. The fresh-water 

 shrimp, Gammarus pulex, common 

 in brooks, is about half an inch in 

 length, and feeds on dead fishes. 

 See Amphipoda. v 



Gamp, SAIREY. Character in 

 Dickens's novel Martin Chuzzlewit. 

 A sick-nurse, drunken and incom- 

 petent, she is famous for her con- 

 stant references in conversation to 

 an imaginary Mrs. Harris. Her 

 bulky umbrella has given the lan- 

 guage the colloquial term. 



Gamtoos OR CAMTOOS. River 

 of the Cape Province. It rises in 

 the Nieuwveld mts. and falls into 

 St. Francis Bay, about 50 m. W. of 

 Port Elizabeth, after a course of 

 about 200 m. 



Gamut. Musical scale of the 

 Middle Ages based upon hexa- 

 chords or series of six-note scales. 

 The name comes from gamma-ut, 

 the lowest note, so called from the 

 Greek letter 7 or gamma, and ut, 

 the first note of the Sol-fa scale, 

 later called do or doh. This note is 

 still called by organ builders Gamut 

 G. The complete gamut was : 



cdefgabcde 



Ut TV im -fa sol la 



... by way of gaming or wagering 

 shall be null and void ; " and no 

 suit is to be maintainable for re- 

 covering any money or other stake 

 alleged to be won on a wager. This 

 does not apply to a prize to be 

 awarded to the winner of any law- 

 ful game, sport, pastime, or exer- 

 cise. A transaction in stocks and 

 shares or any article of commerce 

 is a wager, if the contract between 

 the parties is not really to be a sale 

 and purchase, but only a payment 

 of differences depending on the rise 

 or fall of the market. 



The Betting Act, 1853, makes it 

 illegal to keep or use any house, 

 office, or other place for the purpose 

 of betting or receiving money for 

 bets. Until the Gaming Act, 1892, 

 a commission agent who was em- 

 ployed by P to bet for him, and 

 made himself personally liable for 

 the losses, could pay the losses, 

 although P ordered him not to do 

 so, and recover the amount from P. 

 By the Act of 1892 the agent loses 

 this right. By Acts of Anne and 

 William IV, bills and other se- 

 curities given wholly or partly in 

 payment of gaming debts, or in 

 payment of money lent to pay 

 gaming debts, are to be taken as 

 given upon an illegal consideration. 

 See Betting. 



Gamma. One of the earliest 

 British airships built. It was a non- 

 rigid ship of a type now obsolete. 



The ut-re-mi- fa-sol-la series was 

 started from each of the notes 

 marked with an asterisk. 



Gandak, GREAT. River of N.E. 

 India. It rises in the Nepal Hima- 

 layas, and for some 30 m. forms the 

 boundary between the United 

 Provinces and Bihar and Orissa. It 

 flows generally S.E., and joins the 

 Ganges opposite Patna, after a 

 course of about 400 m. 



Gandak, LITTLE. River of N.W. 

 India. It rises in the Nepal hills, 

 flows parallel with the Great Gan- 

 dak, and empties into the Gogra at 

 Sunaria. 



Gandamak. Village of Afghan- 

 istan. It was the scene of the mass- 

 acre of the last survivors of General 

 Elphinstone's army in 1842 in the 

 retreat from Kabul. It is about 35 

 m. from Jellalabad on the road to 

 Kabul. In 1879 an agreement 

 made by Great Britain and Yakub 

 Khan was known as the treaty of 

 Gandamak. 



Gandersheim. Town of Bruns- 

 wick, Germany. It stands on the 

 Gande, 36 m. S.W. of Brunswick, 

 and is chiefly famous for its abbey 

 or nunnery. This was founded 

 about 850 by a duke of Saxony, 

 one of whose daughters was its first 

 abbess. After the Reformation 

 the abbey passed over to the Pro- 

 testants, who kept the establish- 

 ment and its privileges in being 

 until 1803. Its estates were added 



