CSARABIT 



3420 



CARD 



In Dec., 1904, Gapon started a 

 propaganda movement in favour of 

 a general strike to enforce the 

 demands of labour, and on Jan. 15, 

 1905, 12,000 hands at the Putiloff 

 works came out. The strike spread, 

 and when an attempt was made to 

 present a petition at the Winter 

 Palace by an unarmed crowd 

 Gapon was one of the leaders. He 

 escaped the massacre at the Narva 

 Bridge (Jan. 22), and crossed the 

 frontier, subsequently visiting Swit- 

 zerland, Paris, and London. ^On 

 April 14, 1906, his dead body 'was 

 discovered in a villa not far from 

 St. Petersburg, the suggestion being 

 that he had been assassinated by 

 a secret revolutionary tribunal as 

 an inf ormer and traitor to the cause. 

 See his Story of my Life, 1905. 



Garabit. Town of France in 

 the dept. of Cantal. It is 81 m. 

 by rly. from Clermont-Ferrand, 

 and is known on account of 

 the remarkable viaduct by which, 

 near here, the railway crosses the 

 Truyere. Built in 1881-84, this 

 is 620 yds. long and 400 ft. high, 

 with a central span of 540 ft. 



Garage (Fr. garer, to shelter). 

 French word, introduced into 

 English in the 19th century, de- 

 noting an establishment for the 

 housing, repairing, and general up- 

 keep of motor-vehicles. The term 

 was used in France, before motors 

 became general, for the safe stor- 

 age of boats, rolling stock, etc., 

 and for the place of such storage. 

 See Motor-Car. 



Garay, JANOS (1812-53). Hun- 

 garian poet. Born at Szegszard, 

 Oct. 10, 1812, he was educated at 

 Pest, where he was professor of 

 Hungarian language and literature, 

 1848-49. Among his works are 

 Arpadok, a book of ballads, 1847 ; 

 Arbocz, 1837; and Bathori Erzse- 

 bet, 1840; dramas; and Szent 

 Laszlo, a long poem describing 

 the life of S. Ladislaus, 1852. He 

 died Nov. 5, 1853. 



Garay, JUAN DE (1541-84). 

 Spanish soldier. Having settled in 

 Paraguay, Garay attained a lead- 

 ing position there, and in 1573 

 founded the city of Santa Fe de 

 Vera Cruz. As governor of Para- 

 guay he conducted wars against the 

 natives, and in 1580 founded 

 Buenos Aires, on the site of the 

 older settlement called Mendoza. 

 He was killed by Indians. 



Garbage. Term chiefly used 

 for kitchen waste from the pre- 

 paration of food. It is a word 

 more frequently used in U.S.A. 

 than elsewhere for refuse of all 

 kinds. See Refuse ; Sewage. 



Garborg, AKNE (b. 1851). 

 Norwegian author. Born Jan. 25, 

 1851, he was trained as a teacher, 

 and in 1873 went to Christiania 



university. There he became 

 known as a writer and critic, his 

 essays, mostly on religious or 

 ethical questions, being published 

 in Aftenbladet, and other papers. 

 In 1877 he founded Fedraheimen, 

 a periodical published in dialect, 

 which he edited until 1882. His 

 first book, A Year of Free-thought, 

 1881, aroused great interest ; it 

 had previously appeared anony- 

 mously in Fedraheimen. His 

 dialect stories, Peasant Students, 

 1883; Tales and Legends, 1884; 

 Menfolk, 

 1886; At 

 Home with 

 Mother, 1890; 

 and Weary 

 Folk, 1891, 

 placed him in 

 the front rank 

 of Norwegian 

 authors. 

 Garcia, 



C A L I X T O 



(1836 -98). 

 Cuban pa- 

 triot. Born 

 at Holguin, 

 Cuba, Oct. 14, 

 1836, he early 

 took part in 

 insurrections 

 against Span- 

 ish rule. In 

 1880 he was 

 c&ptured, and 

 imprisoned in 

 Spain. In 1895 he escaped to Paris 

 and thence to Cuba, where he at 

 once joined in the rebellion then 

 going on, and won several notable 

 victories. In 1898 he commanded 

 a body of his compatriots in the 

 Spanish-American war, and died in 

 Washington while on a mission to 

 President McKinley, Dec. 11, 1898. 

 Garcia, MANUEL DEL P6roLo 

 VICENTE (1775-1832). Spanish 

 singer and composer. Born at 

 Seville, Jan. 

 22, 1775, he 

 was a chorister 

 in the cathe- 

 dral there, and 

 soon made 

 himself known 

 a s composer, 

 conductor, 

 singer, and 

 Manuel Garcia, actor. In 1808 

 Spanish singer he became the 



leading tenor in the Italian opera 

 in Paris, and in 1812 in the royal 

 chapel at Naples. After singing in 

 London and Paris he went to New 

 York, where, in 1825, he estab- 

 lished himself with a company at 

 the Park Theatre. He toured in 

 Mexico and, returning to Europe, 

 opened a school of singing in 

 London, and also taught in Paris. 

 Garcia composed many operas, 



including The Caliph of Bagdad, 

 1812 ; and The Death of Tasso, 

 1821. He died June 2, 1832. His 

 daughters, Mmes. Malibran and 

 Viardot, became famous singers. 



His son Manuel (1805-1906), a 

 noted teacher of singing, for many 

 years professor at the Royal 

 Academy of Music, made a scien- 

 tific study of the vocal organs, one 

 result of which was his invention of 

 the laryngoscope. He died on 

 July 1, 1906. 



Manuel's son, Gustav (b. 1837), 

 had a successful operatic career in 

 Europe and in England, making 

 his debut in Donizetti's Don Se- 

 bastiano at La Scala, in 1862. In 

 1880 he settled in England as a 

 teacher, and was for some years 

 professor at the R.A.M.. and after- 

 wards at the Royal College of 

 Music and the Guildhall School of 

 Music simultaneously. He retired 

 in 1911. His son Albert also adopted 

 a musical career as baritone singer 

 and teacher. He made his debut in 

 1902, and is professor at the Guild- 

 hall School of Music and the R. A.M. 



Garcilaso de la Vega (1503- 

 36). Spanish poet. A native of 

 Toledo, he fought in the army of 

 Charles V in Austria and Tunisia, 

 and died at Nice from wounds re- 

 ceived in action, Oct. 14, 1536. 

 'His poems, chiefly sonnets or 

 eclogues written on Italian models, 

 were highly esteemed, and strongly 

 influenced his generation. Cer- 

 vantes called him " the Prince of 

 Poets." Works, Eng. trans, with 

 Life, J. W. Wiffen, 1823. 



Garcilaso de la Vega, SE- 

 BASTIAN (1495-1559). Spanish 

 soldier. Known generally as Laso 

 de la Vega y Vargas, he went from 

 Spain to serve under Hernando 

 Cortes in Mexico. Later he went to 

 Guatemala, and thence to Peru, 

 where he settled, becoming gov- 

 ernor of Cuzco. His son (1540- 

 1616) wrote Royal Commentaries 

 of Peru, 1609-17. 



Gard. Dept. of France. In the 

 S.E., it formed part of Languedoc. 

 Its eastern boundary is the Rhone, 

 and in the S. it borders the Med- 

 iterranean. Area, 2,270 sq. m. It 

 consists of three districts, one 

 covered by the Cevennes in the N., 

 with beautiful mountain scenery 

 and fruitful valleys ; another called 

 the Garrigues in the centre, where 

 wheat, oats, vines, and olives are 

 grown ; and a marshy region in the 

 S. Other industries are the rearing 

 of cattle, horses, and sheep, and 

 the culture of silkworms. Minerals 

 include salt obtained from the 

 marshes.. Quarrying and fishing 

 are also carried on. Nimes is the 

 capital ; other places are Alais and 

 Aigues-Mortes, while Le Vigan. 

 although small, is worthy of 



