GARDA 



3421 



GARDEN AND GARDENING 



GARDEN 



Garda. Fishermen on the lake, the largest lake in Italy 



mention. The Pont du Card is a 

 Roman aqueduct crossing the 

 Gard, near Remuulins. The dept. 

 takes its name from the Gard, or 

 Gardon, a tributary of the Rhone ; 

 other rivers are the Ceze and the 

 Herault. Pop. 413,458. 



Garda, LAGO m (Lat. Lacus 

 Benacus). Lake of Italy. It is the 

 easternmost and largest of the 

 Italian lakes, and lies between 

 Lombardy and Venetia, running a 

 few miles into Tirol. Some 34 m. 

 long and from 3 m. to 10 m. broad, 

 with a maximum depth of 1,900 ft., 

 it has an area of about 180 sq. m. 

 It is fed by the Sarca and drained by 

 the Mincio. Mountainous on the N. 

 and E., the shores slope gently to 

 the S., and on the W, where the 

 climate is favourable, figs and 

 grapes flourish. This part, called 

 La Riviera, is lined with charming 

 villas. The beautiful promontory 

 of Sermione, between Peschiera 

 and Desenzano, has many remains 

 of Roman and later buildings. 



Gardariki. Name of a region in 

 Russia. Situated E. of the Baltic 

 Sea, according to the medieval 

 migration sagas, it was colonised 

 by Odin, who made one of his 

 brothers king, before going to 

 Scandinavia. 



Gardelegen. Town of Germany, 

 in Prussian Saxony. It is situated 

 on the Milde, 25 m. W. by S. of 

 Stendal. It came into prominence 

 during the Great War on account 

 of its prisoners-of-war camp. This 

 was about 1$ m. from Gardelegen 

 station on the rly. between Berlin 

 and Hanover, and covered an area 

 of about 350 by 550 yds., divided 

 into eight compounds, each con- 

 taining eight huts. 



The camp became notorious bv 

 reason of an epidemic which broke 

 out there in Feb., 1915, when it 

 contained about 11,000 prisoners, 

 French, Russian, Belgians, and 260 

 British. The nationalities were 

 mixed up, so that 80 was the great- 



Germans in their 

 treatment of the 

 prisoners. There 

 was only one 

 stand-pipe for 

 1 ,200 men to wash 

 by, and the great 

 majority of the 

 prisoners were in- 

 fected with ver- 

 min. A few pri- 

 soners, suffering 

 from typhus, were 

 introduced into 

 the crowded camp. 

 In Feb., 1915, 

 the Germans 

 brought two 

 medical officers to the camp, with 

 a small band of French and Rus- 

 sian doctors, to release and save 

 their own staff. In this month 

 they removed all the guards and 

 their own medical officers, leaving 

 the prisoners to their own fate. 

 The latter suffered from 



client supplies of food and stores. 

 Major P. C. T. Davy and Dr. Saint 

 Hilaire, the senior allied medical 

 officers, asked for drugs and milk, 

 but the German command did 

 nothing. Eventually some milk 

 was obtained by paying a German 

 non-commissioned officer a com- 

 mission to induce him to purchase 

 it at the cost of the British and 

 French doctors. The pestilence 

 lasted four months, and in that 

 time there were 2,000 cases. 

 Fortunately the disease was of a 

 mild type, but 15 per cent, of those 

 attacked died. This example of 

 German brutality was laid bare 

 in the report by the British Govern- 

 ment committee on the treat- 

 ment by the enemy of British 

 prisoners of war, issued as a 

 White Paper (Cd. 8,351), Oct. 24, 

 1916. For his devotion to duty 

 Major Davy was awarded the 

 C.M.G. See Prisoners of War; 

 Wittenberg. 



AND GARDENING 



H. Havart, Author of The Back Garden Beautiful 



The information given herein is supplemented by the articles on the 



various flowers and plants grown in gardens, e.g. Dahlia ; Gardenia ; 



Flower; Lobelia ; Rose ; Cauliflower; Potato. See also Annuals ; 



Greenhouse ; Market Gardening 



Garden comes from a Teutonic 

 word meaning an enclosure, and is 

 akin to the less familiar garth. Its 

 present meaning is that of a piece 

 of enclosed ground, wherein flowers, 

 shrubs, fruit, and vegetables are 

 grown. There are two main 

 divisions of gardens, ornamental 

 and useful, many of the latter being 

 known as market gardens. Orna- 

 mental or flower gardens are classi- 

 fied according to the way in which 

 they are laid out, e.g. in the Dutch 

 or Italian style, or according to what 

 flowers and shrubs they contain, 

 e.g. a rose garden. Public places of 

 amusement, which are ornamented 

 with flowers and shrubs, are some- 

 times called gardens, e.g. the old 

 Cremorne Gardens, in London, and 

 there are zoological gardens and 

 botanical gardens. Rows of houses, 

 especially in the west of London, 

 are sometimes known as gardens. 



Gardening is the practice and 

 development of plant cultivation 

 which results in the production of 

 the best and choicest forms of 

 flowers, fruit, and vegetables. Ac- 

 cording to Strabo, the first sys- 

 tematic attempts at horticulture 

 in Britain were due to the Romans. 

 Probably, however, the so-called 

 gardens were merely patches of 

 ground cleared and cultivated with 

 fruits and vegetables, in which 

 little attempt at floriculture, or 

 colour effect, was made. 



that there was no lack of material. 

 A writer of the 12th century thus 

 describes the desirable contents of 

 a garden. " It should be adorned 

 on this side with roses, lilies, and 

 the marigold ; on that side with 

 parsley, cost, fennel, southern- 

 wood, coriander, sage, savary, hys- 

 sop, mint, vine, dettany, pellitory, 

 lettuce, cresses, and the peony. 

 Let there be beds enriched with 

 onions, leeks, garlic, mellons, and 

 scallions. The garden is also en- 

 riched by the cucumber, the sopor- 

 iferous poppy, and the daffodil, 

 and the acanthus. Nor let pot- 

 herbs be wanting, as beetroot, 

 sorrel, and mallow. It is useful 

 also to the gardener to have anice, 

 mustard, and wormwood. A noble 

 garden will give you medlars, 

 quinces, the pearmain, peaches, 

 pears of St. Regie, pomegranates, 

 citrons, oranges, almonds, dates, 

 and figs." Many of the subjects are 

 unidentifiable with the familiar 

 flowers and fruits known by their 

 name to-day. 



Until the 16th century, most of 

 the practical horticulture of Britain 

 was in the hands of the monks, who 

 were chiefly concerned with the 

 culture of fruit and vegetables for 

 the table, and of medicinal herbs, 

 rather than of flowers. In 1510 

 the earl of Northumberland, in an 

 establishment of over 150 persons, 

 boasted only one gardener, who 



est number of British in one com- The first park in England was was paid by the hour. Gardening 

 pound. The greatest callousness made by Henry I, at Woodstock, but made rapid strides hi the latter 

 and cowardice was shown by the progress was slow, despite the fact half of the 16th century, and the 



